b The dissenting bodies friendly to reform when opposed by the Church. . Thus religion not identified with political re-action. 6. Expulsion of Sancroft and the Non-Jurors (i.e. those who refused the oath of allegiance to the new Sovereigns). February, 1690. 7. The King's Act of General Indemnity rejected by the Whigs. The King, alarmed by the activity of the French, the virtual defeat of the fleet off Beachy Head and in Bantry Bay, and the appearance of a Jacobite party in England, dissolves Parliament, and issues in his own name an Act of Grace. 1690. 8. A new Parliament called, which is mainly Tory; Danby first Minister. 1690. E The Irish Campaign. 1689-1691. Pp. 676-678. 1. Landing of Schomberg with the Royal forces. Autumn, 1689. 2. French auxiliaries sent over to James. Battle of the Boyne. July 1, 1690. Landing of William. 3. Siege of Limerick. August 8-30. Sarsfield obliges William to raise the siege. 4. Marlborough captures Cork and Kinsale. Winter, 1690. 5. Ginkel captures Athlone; routs the Irish army at Aughrim. July. Sarsfield obliged to surrender Limerick, August, 1691. Capitulation of Limerick (that the Catholics should enjoy such privileges as are compatible with law), not ratified by Parliament. October. Ireland silent under legal tyranny till the French Revolution. F The Jacobite Plots. Pp. 678–680. 1. Defeat of the English fleet off Beachy Head through the treachery of Herbert, the Admiral. The last French naval victory. July, 1690. 2. The King takes command in Flanders; French capture Mons, the strongest fortress in the Netherlands. 1691. 3. Treason of Marlborough and Russell (the new commander of the fleet). a Marlborough's plan to depose William and enthrone Anne, over whom his wife has complete power. Russell's sense of official duty stronger than his intrigues. "Do not think I will let the French triumph over us in our own seas." Victory of La Hogue, crushing the existence of France as a naval power. May 19, 1692. 4. French victories on land at Steinkirk, August, 1692, and Neerwinden, July 19, 1693, only end in loss of life and exhaustion of France. G The First English Ministry. Pp. 680--684. 1. The sovereignty transferred by the Revolution from the King to the House of Commons, but the Commons still deficient in power to make its will bear on public affairs; hence perpetual jealousy and friction. 2. Sunderland (formerly Minister of James) solves the difficulty by advising that Ministers be chosen exclusively from the party strongest in the House of Commons. 1693. Hence a Unity and responsibility of ministers, who become the servants of the country, not of the King. b The House of Commons organised and satisfied. 3. The King gradually adopts the plan, being driven to the Whigs by the Tory opposition to the war. Formation of the Whig Junto under Somers, Montagu, Shrewsbury. 1694, 1695. Its effects. a Triennial Bill becomes law. May, 1695. b Recognition of the freedom of the press, and consequent multiplication of public prints. 1695. c Establishment of the Bank of England-forbidden to lend money to Crown without consent of Parliament. 1694. d Creation of the National Debt, the greatest security against the return of James, who would have repudiated it. e Reform of the debased coinage. 1696. f Vigorous prosecution of the war. I Capture of Namur by the Allies. 1695. 2 The Peace of Ryswick. May-October, 1697. (b) Abandonment by France of Stuart cause. Recognition of William as King of England. (For the characters of these Whig statesmen, see Macaulay's History.) H The Spanish Succession. Pp. 684-686. 1. The claimants to the Spanish throne. a The Dauphin, son of the Spanish King's elder sister. c The Emperor, grandson of Spanish King's aunt. The claims of the Dauphin and the Electoral Prince barred by special treaties. CHARLES II. Maria Theresa Margaret Theresa (by second wife) = Lewis XIV. = Leopold I. CHARLES III., King of the Romans 2. The first Partition Treaty between England, Holland, and France. 1698. The Electoral Prince to succeed to Spain, the Dauphin to the Two Sicilies, the Emperor to the Milanese. 3. Death of the Electoral Prince; weariness in England of the war; the Whigs driven from office. 4. The second Partition Treaty. 1700. Spain, the Indies, and the Netherlands to go to the The Two Sicilies and Lorraine to be given to France. The Second Grand Alliance. Pp. 686-688. 1. Indignation of the Spaniards at the Partition Treaties. Will of the King of Spain bequeathing all the Spanish Empire to the Duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin. 2. Acceptance of the will by France. Little alarm or indignation in England, to the King's great grief. 3. The King's last illness. Vigour of his exertions against France, although without allies abroad, and compelled to accept a Tory Ministry under Godolphin at home. 1701. 4. Introduction of French troops into the Spanish towns. Disregard of the English demand for their withdrawal. Growing indignation in England against France. 5. Death of James II. September, 1701. Lewis acknowledges his son as King of England. Effect in England. a Passing the Act of Settlement, settling the succession (Princess Anne's last child being dead) in Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her heirs, being Protestants. Table showing the Hanoverian descent. JAMES I. Henry (died young) CHARLES I. Elizabeth=Frederic, Elector Palatine CHARLES II. JAMES II. MARY=Prince of Henrietta Sophia Elector of ANNE (2) James (3) MARY (1)=William of Orange Charles Edward (the Young Pretender) Henry last of the Stuarts. George Lewis b The Second Grand Alliance between England, the Empire, Holland; joined afterwards by Denmark, Sweden, and most of the German States. c A vote of forty thousand men for the war. 6. Marlborough put in command of the army. Death of the King, March 8, 1702. "I see another scene, and could wish to live a little longer." Anne. 1702-1714. Pp. 688-704. A Marlborough and the War. Pp. 688-692. 1. Early life and character of Marlborough. a First sees service under Turenne; "the handsome Englishman." b Lays the foundation of his fortune as the lover of Lady Castlemaine. c Commands for James at Sedgmoor. 1685. d Betrays James and goes over to William after his Commands for William in Ireland. landing. e Plots to depose William, and enthrone Anne, his wife's friend (Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman) in her place. f Disgraced and dismissed from Court. Corresponds with James, revealing the war secrets of the English Ministers. Recalled by William to command in Flanders. 1702. 2. Character of Marlborough. 66 a His mind purely intellectual, untinctured by the affections." b One bright spot; his deep affection for his wife. c As a statesman; "Patience will overcome all things." d As a soldier I His age. He holds no great command till he is fifty-two. 2 His success. "He never besieged a fortress which he did not take, or fought a battle which he did not win." 3 The vigour and audacity of his plans. 3. Marlborough and the War. Pp. 692-696. a Prevented by the Dutch from forcing a battle in Brabant, he reduces the French fortresses, Venloo, Ruremonde, Liège, cutting the French off from the Lower Rhine, and freeing Holland from fear of invasion. 1702. The French armies press towards Vienna. Marlborough prevented by the Dutch from attacking Antwerp and French Flanders, continues the reduction of the French fortresses. 1703. c Marlborough, after carefully concealing his purpose both from the French and the Dutch, strikes across Germany for the Danube, storms _Donauwörth, penetrates into Bavaria, joins Prince Eugene, meets the French on the Danube near Blenheim. Battle of Blenheim. (See Creasy's 'Fifteen Decisive Battles.") I' The whole Teutonic race represented in the armies of Marlborough and Eugene. 2 Marlborough for once free from the timidity of his allies. 3 The battle won by an attack on the French centre over a road made across the morass. Rout of the French. 4 The spell of French victory broken. August 13, d Capture of Gibraltar by Sir George Rooke. 1704. I The Tories in power replaced by more moderate 2 Still further modification of the Ministry. Coalition |