1811; discourse on the death of Frede- | he was a missionary. The political feelric Southgate, 1813; Massachusetts elec-ings of the people were mingled with their tion sermon, 1814; a sermon on the per-religious attachments; the cause, which petuity and importance of the sabbath, Mr. Apthorp espoused, was unpopular, 1814; thanksgiving sermon, 1815; ser- and he returned to England. He was mon at the ordination of Rev. Enos Merrill of Freeport; sermon before the Bath Society for the suppression of public vices; address before the Massachusetts society for the suppression of intemperance, 1816; sermon before the Am. commissioners for foreign missions, 1817; sermon at the formation of the Maine education society, 1818; also a sermon on the death of Mrs. Buckminster, a sermon before the Portsmouth female asylum, and a sermon relating to Dr. Emmons on unity.

In 1820 a volume of his Addresses was published, containing his Inaugural Address and eleven annual Addresses, with a sketch of his character by Rev. Dr. Nichols of Portland. In 1822 his Lectures & Occasional Sermons were published in one volume with a memoir of his life by Rev. Benjamin Tappan of Augusta. The subjects of these lectures, 27 in number, are the necessity of revelation, human depravity, the atonement, regeneration, the eternity of future punishment, the resurrection of the body, and the demoniacs of the New Testament.

The sermons are on the immortality of the soul, the influence of religion on the condition of man, the evils of war and the probability of universal peace, the truth of christianity from its moral effects, conscience, and consequences of neglecting the great salvation.

APTHORP, East, an Episcopal minister, was the son of Charles Apthorp, a merchant of Boston, who died in 1758 aged 61. He was born in 1733, and studied at Jesus' college, Cambridge, England. Having taken orders, he was appointed, in 1761, by the Society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts, a missionary at Cambridge, Mass.; in which place he continued four or five years. He engaged in a warm controversy with Dr. Mayhew concerning the design and conduct of the society, of which

made vicar of Croydon in 1765, and in 1778 rector of Bow church, London, to which he was presented by his friend and fellow collegian, bishop Porteus. In 1790, having lost his sight, he exchanged these livings for the prebend of Finsbury, &, having an adequate income, he retired to spend the evening of his days among the scenes and friends of his youth, at the university, in a house provided for him by his patron, bishop Watson. He died at Cambridge, England, April 16, 1816, aged 83 years. His wife was the daughter of Foster Hutchinson, a brother of the governor. His only son was a clergyman; of three daughters one was married to Dr. Cary and one to Dr. Butler, both heads of colleges; the third married a son of Dr. Paley. Dr. Thomas Bulfinch of Boston married one of his sisters, and Robert Bayard of New York another. He was eminent as a writer. He published a sermon at the opening of the church at Cambridge, 1761; on the peace, 1763; considerations respecting the society for the propagation &c., 1763; on the death of Ann Wheelwright, 1764; review of Mayhew's remarks on the answer to his observations &c., 1765; discourses on prophecy, at the Warburton lecture, Lincoln's Inn chapel, 2 vols; and an answer to Gibbon's statement of the causes of the spread of Christianity. -Jennison, ms.; Holmes 11. 120, 481.

ARCH, John, a Cherokee Indian and an interpreter, died at Brainerd June 8, 1825, aged 27. When taken sick, he was engaged in translating John's gospel into Cherokee, using the ingenious alphabet invented by Mr. Guess. He had been a christian convert several years; and he died in peace, saying, "God is good, and will do right;" and was buried by the side of Dr. Worcester.

ARCHDALE, John, governor of Carolina, was appointed to this office by the proprietors, after lord Ashley had de

clined accepting it. He was a quaker made two years before, he immediately and a proprietor, and arrived in the sum- attacked it and took most of the settlers mer of 1695. The settlers received him prisoners. Gilbert de Thet, a jesuit fawith universal joy. The colony had ther, was killed in the engagement. This been in much confusion, but order was was the commencement of hostilities benow restored. The assembly was called, tween the French and English colonists and the governor by the discreet use of in America. Capt. Argall soon afterwards his extensive powers settled almost every sailed from Virginia to Acadie and depublic concern to the satisfaction of the stroyed the French settlements of St. people. The price of lands and the form Croix and Port Royal. The pretext for of conveyances were settled by law. this hostile expedition in time of peace Magistrates were appointed for hearing was the encroachment of the French on all causes, and determining all differences the rights of the English, which were between the settlers and the Indians. founded on the prior discovery of the Public roads were ordered to be made and Cabots. Argall on his return subdued the water passages cut. The planting of rice, Dutch settlement at Hudson's river. In which has since become the great source of 1614 he went to England and returned in the opulence of Carolina, was introduced. 1617 as deputy governor. On his arriA captain of a vessel from Madagascar on val he found the public buildings at his way to Great Britain anchored off James Town fallen to decay, the marSullivan's island and made a present to ket place and streets planted with tobacthe governor of a bag of seed rice, which co, and the people of the colony dispersed he had brought from the east. This in places, which they thought best adaprice the governor divided among some of ted for cultivating that pernicious weed. his friends, who agreed to make an experi- To restore prosperity to the colony capt. ment. The success equalled their expec- Argall introduced some severe regulatation, and from this small beginning tions. He prohibited all trade or familarose the staple commodity of Carolina. iarity with the Indians. Teaching them He continued, it is believed, but five the use of arms was a crime to be punishor six years in his government. After ed by death, He ordered, that all goods his return to London, he published a should be sold at an advance of 25 per work entitled, a new description of that cent, and fixed the price of tobacco at fertile and pleasant province of Carolina three shillings per pound. None could with a brief account of its discovery, set- sell or buy at a different price under the tling, and the government thereof to this penalty of three years' imprisonment. time, with several remarkable passages No man was permitted to fire a gun, beduring my time,1707.-Holmes; Hewatt, fore a new supply of ammunition, except I. 119, 129-131; Ramsay, 1. 47-50. in selfdefence, on pain of a year's slavery. ARGALL,Samuel, deputy governor of Absence from church on Sundays or holVirginia, came to that colony in 1609 idays was punished by confinement for to trade and to fish for sturgeon. The the night, and one week's slavery to the trade was in violation of the laws; but colony, and on a repetition of the offence as the wine and provisions, which he the punishment was increased. brought, were much wanted, his conduct The rigorous execution of these laws was connived at, and he continued to rendered him odious in the colony, and make voyages for his own advantage and the report of his tyranny and his deprein the service of the colony. In 1612 he dations upon the revenues of the compacarried off Pocahontas to James Town. ny reaching England, it was determined In 1613 he arrived at the Island, now to recall him. Lord Delaware was direccalled Mount Desert, in Maine, for the ted to send him home to answer the purpose of fishing, and having discovered charges brought against him; but as his a settlement of the French, which was lordship did not reach Virginia, being

summoned away from life while on his pas- ARNOLD, Benedict, governor of sage, the letter to him fell into the hands of Rhode Island, succeeded Roger Williams Argall. Perceiving from it that the fine in that office in 1657 and continued till harvest, which now occupied him, would 1660; he was also governor from 1662 to be soon ended, he redoubled his industry. 1666, from 1669 to 1672, and from 1677 He multiplied his acts of injustice, and to 1678,--in which last year he died. He before the arrival of a new governor in had lived in Providence as early as 1639. 1619 set sail in a vessel, loaded with his Winthrop speaks of him, "as a great effects. He was the partner in trade of friend of Massachusetts, especially in nethe earl of Warwick, and by this connex-gociations with the Indians."—In 1657 ion was enabled to defraud the company he and Coddington purchased of the Inof the restitution, which they had a right dian sachems the island Quononoquot, to expect. In 1620 he commanded a ship afterwards called James Town.-Massa. of war in an expedition against the Alge- hist. col. v. 217; Savage's Winthrop; rines; in 1623 he was knighted by king Farmer. James; in 1625 he was engaged in the expedition against the Spanish under Cecil.

ARNOLD, Benedict, a major general in the American army, and infamous for deserting the cause of his country, is supHis character, like that of most, who posed to have been a descendant of the were concerned in the government of preceding. He was bred an apothecary Virginia, is differently drawn; by some with a Dr. Lathrop, who was so pleased he is represented as a good mariner, a with him, as to give him £ 500 sterling. man of public spirit, active, industrious, From 1763 to 1767 he combined the busicareful to provide for the people, and to ness of a druggist with that of a bookseller, keep them constantly employed; and by at New Haven, Con. Being captain of a others he is described as negligent of the volunteer company, after hearing of the public business, selfish, rapacious, passion- battle of Lexington he immediately ate, arbitrary, and cruel, pushing his un- marched with his company for the Amerrighteous gains in every way of extortion can head quarters, and reached Camand oppression. He was, without ques-bridge April 29, 1775. He waited on the tion, a man of talents and art, for he so Massachusetts committee of safety and foiled and perplexed the company, that informed them of the defenceless state of they were never able to bring him to any Ticonderoga. The committee appointed account or punishment. An account of him a colonel, and commissioned him to his voyage from James Town beginning raise four hundred men, and to take that June 19, 1610, in which, missing Bermu- fortress. He proceeded directly to Verda, he "put over towards Sagadahoc and mont, and when he arrived at Castleton cape Cod," and his letter respecting his was attended by one servant only. Here voyage to Virginia in 1613, are preser- he joined col. Allen, and on May 10th the ved in Purchas.-Belknap's biog. 11. fortress was taken. 51-63; Holmes, 144, 155; 1. Smith: Stith; Marshall, 1. 56, 107; Beverly.

ARMSTRONG, John, general, resided in Pennsylvania & was distinguished in the Indian wars. In 1776, being appointed brigadier general, he assisted in the defence of fort Moultrie and in the battle of Germantown. He left the army in 1777 through dissatisfaction as to rank, and was afterwards a member of congress. He died at Carlisle March 9, 1795. He avas a professor of religion.-Lempr.

In the fall of 1775 he was sent by the commander in chief to penetrate through the wilderness of the District of Maine into Canada. He commenced his march Sep. 16, with about one thousand men, consisting of New England infantry, some volunteers, a company of artillery, and three companies of riflemen. One division, that of col. Enos, was obliged to return from Dead river from the want of provisions; had it proceeded, the whole army might have perished. The great

flags to summon the inhabitants, he retired to Point aux Trembles, twenty miles above Quebec, and there waited the arrival of Montgomery, who joined him on the first of December. The city was immediately besieged, but the best measures had been taken for its defence. The able gen. Carleton had entered the city with 60 men Nov. 20th. On the morning of the last day of the year an assault was made on the one side of the lower town by Montgomery, who was killed. At the same time col. Arnold, at the head of about three hundred and fifty men, made a desperate attack on the opposite side. Arnold Advancing with the utmost intrepidity along the St. Charles through a narrow path, exposed to an incessant fire of grape shot and musketry, as he approached the first barrier he received a musket ball in the left leg, which shattered the bone. He was compelled to retire,on foot, dragging 'one leg after him' near a mile to the hospital, having lost 60 men killed and wounded, and three hundred prisoners. Although the attack was unsuccessful, the blockade of Quebec was continued till May 1776, when the army, which was in no condition to risk an assault, was removed to a more defensible position. Arnold was compelled to relinquish one post after another, till the 18th of June, when he quitted Canada. After this period he exhibited great bravery in the command of the American fleet on lake Champlain.

est hardships were endured and the most
appalling difficulties surmounted in this
expedition, of which maj. Meigs kept a
journal, and Mr. Henry also published an
account. The army was in the wilder-
ness, between fort Western at Augusta
and the first settlements on the Chaudiere
in Canada, about 5 weeks. In the want
of provisions capt. Dearborn's dog was
killed, and eaten, even the feet and skin,
with good appetite. As the army arrived at
the first settlements Nov. 4th, the intel-
ligence necessarily reached Quebec in one
or two days; but a week or fortnight be-
fore this gov. Cramahe had been apprized
of the approach of this army.
had imprudently sent a letter to Schuyler,
enclosed to a friend in Quebec, by an In-
dian, dated Oct. 13, and he was himself
convinced, from the preparations made
for his reception, that the Indian had be-
trayed him. Nov. 5th the troops arrived
at St. Mary's 10 or 12 miles from Que-
bec, and remained there 3 or 4 days.
Nov. 9th or 10th they advanced to Point
Levi, opposite Quebec. Forty birch ca-
noes having been collected, it was still
found necessary to delay crossing the riv-
er for 3 nights on account of a high wind.
On the 14th the wind moderated; but
this delay was very favorable to the city,
for on the 13th col. M'Lean, an active
officer, arrived with 80 men to strengthen
the garrison, which already consisted of
more than a thousand men, so as to ren-
der an assault hopeless.
Indeed Arnold
himself placed his chief dependence on
the co-operation of Montgomery.

In August 1777 he relieved fort Schuyler under the command of colonel GanseOn the 14th of Nov. he crossed the voort, which was invested by colonel St. St. Lawrence in the night; and, ascend-Leger with an army of from 15 to 18 huning the precipice, which Wolfe had dred men. In the battle near Stillwater, climbed before him, formed his small Sept. 19th, he conducted himself with corps on the height near the plains of his usual intrepidity, being engaged incesAbraham. With only about seven hun- santly for four hours. In the action of dred men, one third of whose muskets October 7th, after the British had been had been rendered useless in the march driven into the lines, Arnold pressed forthrough the wilderness, success could not ward and under a tremendous fire assaulbe expected. It is surprising, that the gar-ted the works throughout their whole exrison, consisting Nov. 14th of 1126 men, tent from right to left. The intrenchdid not march out & destroy the small force ments were at length forced, and with a of Arnold. After parading some days on few men he actually entered the works; the heights near the town, and sending 2 but his horse being killed, and he himself

casioned by the movements of the army,

26, 1779. The sentence of a reprimand was approved by congress, and was soon afterwards carried into execution.

badly wounded in the leg, he found it necessary to withdraw, and, as it was now that it was not concluded until January almost dark, to desist from the attack. Being rendered unfit for active service in consequence of his wound, after the recovery of Philadelphia he was appointed to Such was the humiliation, to which the command of the American garrison. general Arnold was reduced in conseWhen he entered the city, he made the quence of yielding to the temptations of house of gov. Penn, the best house in the pride and vanity, and indulging himself city, his head quarters. This he furnish- in the pleasures of a sumptuous table and ed in a very costly manner, and lived far expensive equipage. From this time his beyond his income. He had wasted the proud spirit revolted from the cause of plunder, which he had seized at Montreal America. He turned his eyes to West in his retreat from Canada; and at Phila-Point as an acquisition, which would give delphia he was determined to make new value to treason, while its loss would inacquisitions. He laid his hands on every flict a mortal wound on his former friends. thing in the city, which could be consi- He addressed himself to the delegation of dered as the property of those, who were New York, in which state his reputation unfriendly to the cause of his country. was peculiarly high, and a member of conHe was charged with oppression, extor-gress from this state recommended him tion, and enormous charges upon the pub- to Washington for the service, which he lic in his accounts, and with applying the desired. The same application to the public money and property to his own commander in chief was made not long private use. Such was his conduct, that afterwards through gen. Schuyler. he drew upon himself the odium of the in- Washington observed, that as there was habitants not only of the city, but of the a prospect of an active campaign he should province in general. He was engaged in be gratified with the aid of Arnold in trading speculations and had shares in se- the field; but intimated at the same time, veral privateers, but was unsuccessful. that he should receive the appointment From the judgment of the commissioners, requested, if it should be more pleasing to who had been appointed to inspect his ac- him. Arnold, without discovering much counts, and who had rejected above half solicitude, repaired to camp in the beginthe amount of his demands, he appealed ning of August, and renewed in person to congress; and they appointed a com- the solicitations, which had been before mittee of their own body to examine and indirectly made. He was now offered the settle the business. The committee con- command of the left wing of the army, firmed the report of the commissioners, which was advancing against New York; and thought they had allowed him more but he declined it under the pretext, that than he had any right to expect or de- in consequence of his wounds, he was unamand. By these disappointments he be-ble to perform the active duties of the came irritated and he gave full scope to field. Without a suspicion of his patriothis resentment. His invectives against ism he was invested with the command of congress were not less violent, than those, West Point. Previously to his soliciting which he had before thrown out against this station, he had in a letter to col. Bethe commissioners. He was however verley Robinson signified his change of soon obliged to abide the judgment of a principles and his wish to restore himself court martial upon the charges, exhibited to the favor of his prince by some signal against him by the executive of Pennsyl-proof of his repentance. This letter vania, and he was subjected to the morti- opened to him a correspondence with sir fication of receiving a reprimand from Henry Clinton, the object of which was Washington. His trial commenced in to concert the means of putting the imJune 1778, but such were the delays oc-portant post, which he commanded, into