This defiance of the East Jersey Assembly was met by Andros with a proclamation requiring "Captain Philip Carteret, with all other pretended Magistrates civil or military authorized by him, to forbear and not presume further to assume or exercise distinct or any jurisdiction over his Majesty's subjects, within any of the bounds of his Majesty's Patent to his Royal Highness the Duke of York." The proclamation, which was made in the open fields at Elizabethtown, before a large concourse of people, closed with a demand for the surrender of the person of Captain Philip Carteret.

At this stage of the controversy, Carteret appealed to the king—at the same time saying plainly, in a letter to Andros, that if any force were used the people of the colony of New Jersey would defend themselves and their families even to the shedding of blood. Yet, at the same time, he greatly deprecated any resort to force, and closed by entreating him to forbear his threats or any other acts of hostility until his Majesty's pleasure could be known.

The official conduct of Governor Andros at this juncture evidently clashed with his personal wishes and the good feeling which had always obtained between his own family and that of his neighbor and kinsman at Elizabethtown. As before stated, Andros and Carteret, with their wives, had long been socially very intimate, attending the same church in New-York, and frequently dining at each other's table. Carteret had been the companion and fellow-voyager of Andros when the latter first came to New-York, and close companionship on a long sea voyage is, as is well known, a great factor in cementing friendship,- and Andros, it will be recalled, had spent the night with him previous to his departure for England two years before. Even the various official letters which had passed between them had been almost invariably signed by each "Your affectionate Friend." Consequently, before proceeding to extremities, Andros, having determined to try the effect of persuasion, visited Carteret at his home in Elizabethtown. After dinner, a discussion, which at first was friendly, but afterwards became more and more heated and acrimonious, was carried on between the two governors. Each insisted on the justice of his claim; and each produced documents, consisting of conflicting patents, to support it. Finally the conference closed, no satisfactory agreement having been arrived at, and yet, as Mrs. Lamb, in her "History of New-York City" justly says, both were sincerely actuated by the honest motive of obedience to their respective superiors. On leaving, Sir Edmund with his retinue was escorted to his boats by Governor Carteret and a body of men-at-arms, the latter of whom fired a volley in honor of the departing Governor, an evidence of a friendly feeling between them thus far at least.

1"New Jersey Colonial Documents," First Series, Vol. I.

Three weeks later, on the last day of April,' Andros, despairing of Carteret's yielding to his authority, issued a warrant for his friend's arrest. Governor Carteret, in a letter to his brother, Sir George, states that the orders of Andros to the party of soldiers sent to arrest him were to "fetch him away dead or alive"; but this letter was written amid great excitement and while Carteret was smarting under the personal indignity to which he had been subjected, and therefore it probably does not represent the matter correctly. The humane character of Andros certainly does not bear out his statement. But that the order was executed with unnecessary, not to say extreme, harshness, admits of no doubt; for the fact remains that, at the dead of night, the doors of Carteret's house were broken open by the soldiers, and he himself dragged with such cruelty from his bed that, to use Carteret's own language in describing this outrage in a letter to a friend in England, "I was so disabled by the bruises and the hurts I then received, that I fear I shall never be the same man again."3 Half naked, he was carried to New-York, where, after receiving some clothes, he was thrown in prison under a special warrant from Andros issued the following day.

On his trial, which was before a special Court of Assize and presided over by Andros in person, Carteret defended himself with consummate ability. He justified his conduct as governor of New Jersey as being strictly legal by virtue both of his power derived from the king, and also by letters (produced in court) received from his Majesty and directed to him as "Governor of New Jersey "—at the same time submitting to the jury his royal commission and instructions. The jury, after a perusal of these latter documents, promptly returned a verdict of "not guilty." The Court, however, would not allow him to leave the court-room until he had given bonds that in case he should return to New Jersey, he would not assume "any authority or jurisdiction there, either civil or military." Carteret received the verdict apparently with no elation or triumph; but he at once took measures to lay the matter before the king, and in an exceedingly temperate manner-considering the indignities to which he had been subjected he requested of his Majesty that a decision should be given settling for the future the exact boundaries between the provinces of New-York and New Jersey.

Thus ended this celebrated controversy, to which more space has been given than might appear necessary, from the fact that it constitutes the only real basis of the charges against Governor Andros of exercising his powers in the colony of New-York tyrannically. Yet even this conduct of Sir Edmund, as we have endeavored to show, was 1 Not the 1st of April, as writers have generally stated. See Col. Hist. of New Jersey, First Series, Vol. I. 2 Idem. 3 Carteret to Mr. Coustrier, New Jersey Col. Doc., First Series, 1: 316-17.

entirely against his own personal feelings, and in strict conformity to the commands of his Royal Highness James. In fact, as Andros himself afterwards said in speaking of this unfortunate occurrence, and which was evidently a "sore subject" with him, "to have acted otherwise, without the duke's order, would have been as much as my head was worth"; and those who know the despotic character of the Duke of York must admit that Andros spoke the truth.

Meanwhile, the representations of Governor Carteret to the court were not without effect; and, in addition to which, certain envious traders, taking advantage of the duke's well-known greed, complained to him that Andros gave to the Dutch the preference in trade; while, simultaneously, rumors

set on foot by the same persons reached his ears, that his revenues might be largely increased under a different governor. This, in itself, was sufficiently alarming to the duke, whose purse was so sensitive to any diminution of its contents; and when it was further added that, in defiance of the royal edict against the people of New England trading along the Hudson, Andros still allowed the "Bostonians" to carry on the trade for beaver not only as far as Albany, but even to the remote castles of the Five Nations, his anxiety-not to say rage-knew no bounds. The duke at once carried his complaints to his brother, the king; and the result of these untruthful and malicious representations was the sudden recall of Andros, who, in a letter from Windsor, under date of May 24, 1680, was directed to turn over his government to Lieutenant-Governor Brockholls and report to the king and council prepared to render an account of his stewardship. At the same time, however, the letter ended with this saving clause, viz.: that by his coming to England an opportunity would be given him to reply to his accusers, "who, if unanswered," as his "loving friend, James," wrote, "might leave some blemish upon you, although undeserved."

In the examination which followed immediately upon his arrival in England regarding his conduct as governor, Andros left the royal

1 The illustration in the text is after a picture of the second building erected in 1723, given in Bishop Richard K. Meade's "Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia," 1: 157. The

original building was unfortunately destroyed by fire in 1705, and the long delay in completing the second was due to a deficiency of funds. EDITOR.

closet not only completely vindicated from all blame, but with a compliment upon the success of his administration-a compliment which was "sealed" by his appointment as "a gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber." To this decision the king was probably led the more readily by the news received at this juncture, that the incompetence of the Lieutenant-Governor, and his disputes with delinquent traders who refused to pay taxes on the specious ground that the duke's custom-duties had expired in November by their three years' limitation, had, since the departure of Andros, involved the colony of New-York in the utmost confusion-a confusion, in fact, nearly approaching to anarchy.

SEAL OF STEPHANUS VAN

CORTLANDT, 1664.

With the departure of Governor Andros from New-York, his connection with the affairs of that city may be said virtually to have ceased. It is true that in the winter of 1686 he was appointed viceroy for the colonies of New-York and New England, consolidated under the name of the "Dominion of New England"; but, with the exception of a formal visit paid to New-York in August, 1688, to receive the governorship from Governor Dongan, where he was met with great pomp and ceremony,' his visits were merely occasional, and then made only when passing through the city on his way to meet the Five Nations from time to time in council either at Albany or Ticonderoga. His residence during his viceroyalty was principally at Boston, and his time was chiefly taken up in circumventing the Canadian Governor, Denonville, in his efforts to seduce the Iroquois from their allegiance to the British crown. In these negotiations he was entirely successful, and his exertions in this direction made, a century later, the efforts of Sir William Johnson to hold the fickle Six Nations to their loyalty much easier. At the same time, still forced to carry out the mandates of his master,- now king by the death of his brother, Charles II.,- his government became so unpopular that, when the news was confirmed in Boston of the deposition of James and the accession of William and Mary, he, together with the members of his council, was seized on the 18th of April, 1689, and imprisoned in the fort until the pleasure of the king could be known. Lady Andros, however, did not live to witness this untoward

1 On this occasion he was met, with the large retinue that had accompanied him from Boston, by Colonel Nicholas Bayard's regiment of foot and horse, and entertained very handsomely by the citizens during his stay. At a dinner given him at the City Hall, it is said that Mayor Van

Cortlandt became so hilarious that he made a notable display of his loyalty to the house of Stuart "by setting fire to his hat and periwig, and waving the burning coverings of his head over the banquet-table on the point of his straight sword."

event, as she died soon after her husband's taking up his residence in Boston. In the following July he was sent to England with a committee of his accusers; but not only was he acquitted without even the form of a trial, but, in 1692, he was appointed by William III. Governor of the colony of Virginia. This latter circumstance would seem to show that the king believed that the responsibility for the arbitrary measures of Andros while Governor of New England - such, for instance, as endeavoring to seize the charter of Connecticut should be laid upon his royal master, James II., rather than upon his obedient agent.

MEROY

JUSTICE

PENN ARMS.

During Andros's administration of the government of Virginia he distinguished himself by restoring the secretary's office and the records to good order, which before his arrival had been in the greatest confusion. This certainly shows that he evinced an interest in the private property of the people whom he governed, for he thereby had no personal ends to serve. He continued in the governorship of Virginia, winning the esteem and even the affections of the people by his efforts to encourage manufactures and agriculture and, as one of the founders of the College of William and Mary, the cause of education, until the year 1698, when, in consequence of quarrels with the church authorities, he was recalled. During the years 1704-5 he was Governor of the Island of Jersey, and died in London, on the 24th of February, 1714, at the age of nearly seventy-seven.

The character of Sir Edmund Andros has not been fairly drawn. Those upon whose opinions his reputation rests were persons living at the same day, and who, influenced by party strife, were not in a position to judge impartially. The time, moreover, when he first took possession of his government was, for his own fame, most inauspicious. Those principles which John Hampden had asserted and poured out his blood to defend in the great ship-money contest with Charles I., and which brought that monarch to the block, were just beginning to strike root in America; and Andros arrived charged with the execution of the odious orders of a most bigoted master, of whom it has been truly said that "he would learn nothing from past experience." "My father lost his head by concessions," he repeated constantly as an answer to every argument for just and liberal dealing, "and I will concede nothing." That Andros himself was personally averse to harsh and arbitrary measures is evident from the efforts he made to prevail upon the king to allow the colony of New-York a representative assembly. William of Orange, who was an excellent judge of character, retained his confidence in him to the last. This is shown not only by