children. As to the dangers of abuse of infant psychology it is to be noted: (1) that "we can fix no absolute time in the history of the mind at which a certain mental function takes its rise"; (2) "that the possibility of the occurrence of a mental phenomenon must be distinguished from its necessity"; (3) "that it follows from the principle of growth itself only that the order of development of the mental functions is constant ; and (4) that discrimination and criticism should be both strenuously cultivated and employed.

In the discussion of ontogenesis and phylogenesis, on the relation of which the motive idea of the book hinges, Professor Baldwin points out what he thinks is a "valuable distinction" for the interpretation of animal action. Taking the four stages of the child's experience of persons not himself; the objective, where the persons are merely sensations; the projective, where they are simply impersonated or individualised but not yet ensouled; the subjective, where he discovers himself; and the ejective, where he makes persons not himself like himself;-taking these four stages, he claims that no evident analogy in the animal series has been pointed out by other writers for what is here called the projective stage, but that such phenomena as the "gregarious instinct" cannot be accounted for except on the assumption of such an epoch of animal consciousness. By this distinction Professor Baldwin claims that he eliminates what is called the "psychologist's fallacy," habitual with naturalists.

As to the validity of the biological theory of recapitulation we are invited to note "very marked modifications of the race-record in the growth of the individual.' "It is evident that while the organism develops serially in regular stages, yet often "the stages in the individual's growth represent directly later stages in the series "of animal structures, without having passed through all the earlier stages."

Finally, a word remains as to the author's new method. The methods heretofore employed have involved complex elements and roundabout paths of nervous transmission which greatly vitiate the results. Professor Baldwin has sought "to "reach a method of child study of such a character as to yield a series of experiments "'whose results would be in terms of the most fundamental motor reactions of the "'infant, which could be easily and pleasantly conducted and which would be of wide "application" The organ of reaction selected is the hand, which seems to be the most sensitive, direct, and active of all. He claims that "the infant's hand-movements in reaching and grasping are the best index of the kind and intensity of its sensory experiences." The dynamogenic method is the one which the author has preferred before all others in the experiments to which it is adapted, which he has developed as his own, and which has yielded him rich results. He has collected a list of his new observations in an appendix which shows at a glance their scope and thoroughness. The book is interspersed with much homiletic and educational matter, anecdotes of his children, etc., which relieve the monotony of the psychological development and enforce the author's theoretical positions. Professor Baldwin's book is written in a comparatively untechnical but withal precise style, and although

constituting one of the "sources" of the subject, it is by no means beyond the reach of the average educated reader.

T. J. McC.

GEHIRN UND SEELE. Ein Vortrag gehalten bei der 66. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Wien am 26. September, 1894, von August Forel, Professor an der Universität Zürich. Bonn: Emil Strauss. 1894. Pp. 32. Price, M. 1.

The attitude of the myriad workers in the broad domain of modern knowledge, although professedly directed at a common goal, is mostly one of narrowness and hostility, due to mutual misunderstandings. The highest ideals of humanity as incorporated in philosophy, religion, science, ethics, and æsthetics, which are parts only of a harmonious whole, are rent with passions and prejudices, and appear to the dispassionate spectator as mere caricatures of their higher selves. It is to compose these misunderstandings, and to correct this disfigurement that Professor Forel has attempted in the above brief address to throw what light he can on one of the most significant and most knotty of ancient differences, the relation between the brain and the soul. His attempt is made in the form of a résumé of the most recent researches in cerebral and nervous physiology with the addition of philosophical criticisms based mainly on the work of Kant and Spencer. He has taken a broad view of the questions and looked at them in their widest significance, making a strong appeal for the recognition and emphasis of their ethical and religious consequences. Especially does he insist upon the necessity of a philosophical elaboration of the results of science, claiming that such results have no significance except as related to the organic whole of knowledge. His reflexions show, he thinks, how intimately the study of the human cerebral soul is connected with all branches of human knowledge, and how eminently fitted it is to guard thinkers and inquirers against the dangers of narrowness and error. They lead, moreover, to a monistic view of the world capable of reconciling true religion and ethics with science, and constitute powerful weapons against the increasing social decadence of the age. The reputation of the author makes the recommendation of this brief pamphlet superfluous; it need only be said that students of all branches will find here important and suggestive hints on a variety of topics.

Wegweiser zu einer Psychologie des GerucHES.

μ.

By Dr. phil. Carl Max Giess1894. Pp., 79.

ler. Hamburg and Leipsic: Leopold Voss. The author emphasises the difficulties which attend experiments with the organ of smell, which in its present neglected state does not seem very well fitted for the reception of delicate olfactory impressions. Disclaiming the intention of writing a complete psychology of smell, he discusses the effects of olfactory impressions upon the mental and physical life of individuals, showing that the psychical life of whole classes of lower orders of animals is bound up with their sense of smell, and that for the spiritual life of man the sense of smell is of an importance not to be under

rated, as also that it exercises a great influence upon the mental development, being a factor hitherto much neglected. This is partly shown by the isolation which has been gradually effected, of all trades, professions, and duties from which disagreeable odors emanate. These considerations lead to a classification of smells, in this respect, as idealising and disidealising. Idealising smells are important factors in the development of the soul. The author finds a corroboration of his view in the biblical story of Creation, where God blew the breath of life into man's nostrils instead of into his mouth, wherefore man became a living soul. But on this point the author has evidently mistaken the connexion of the two facts.

ÆSTHETIC PRINCIPLES. By Henry Rutgers Marshall, M.A.

μ.

New York and Lon

don: Macmillan & Co. 1895. Pages, 201. Price, $1.25.

In his larger treatise, Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics, published a short time ago, Mr. Marshall gave the technical and psychological foundations of his new views on the theoretical principles of æsthetics. He has sought to put together now in this smaller work his more general and more interesting results and such as are of most practical value in reference to the study of æsthetics. It is written in a popular style and appeals to less critical and less learned readers. The book covers six chapters. In the first and second chapters the author studies the nature of æsthetic effect in the observer; in the third chapter, the nature of the impulse that compels the artist to undertake his work; in the fourth chapter, the nature of the critical act and of the standards used when we assume the critical attitude; in the fifth and sixth, algedonic aesthetics, including negative and positive principles. Mr. Marshall writes a plain and simple English and has mingled with his æsthetical expositions numerous moral and artistic reflexions of great value. His book deserves to find a wide circle of readers, and, harmoniously with its subject, has received a pretty and appropriate external dress. The substance of the work was delivered as a course of lectures under the auspices of the Trustees of Columbia College, New York.

T. J. MCC.

PERIODICALS.

No. 3.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW. VOL. II.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON IMITATION. By Josiah Royce.-STUDIES FROM THE
PRINCETON LABORATORY (I.-V.): I. Memory for Square-Size: J. Mark
Baldwin and W. J. Shaw; II. Further Experiments on Memory for Square-
Size: H. C. Warren and WV. J. Shaw; III. The Effect of Size-Contrast
Upon Judgments of Position in the Retinal Field: J. Mark Baldwin; IV.
Types of Reaction; J. Mark Baldwin, assisted by W. J. Shaw; Sensations
of Rotation: H. C. Warren.-SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS: The "Haunted-
Swing" Illusion: H. C. Wood; Heat-Sensations in the Teeth: H. R. Mar-
shall.-DISCUSSION.-(New York and London: Macmillan & Co.)

No. 4.

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. VI.
COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE INDIRECT COLOR Range of Children,
ADULTS, AND ADULTS TRAINED IN COLOR. By George W. A. Luckey.-MINOR
STUDIES FROM THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF Cornell UNIVERSITY:
Taste Dreams: E. B. Titchener; On the Quantitative Determination of an
Optical Illusion: R. Watanabe, Ph. D.; The Cutaneous Estimation of Open
and Filled Space: C. S. Parrish; The Daily Life of a Protozoan, A Study
in Comparative Psycho-physiology: C. F. Hodge, Ph. D., and H. Austin
Aikins, Ph. D.-MINOR STUDIES from the PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF
CLARK UNIVERSITY: A Study of Individual Psychology: Caroline Miles;
The Memory After-Image and Attention: Arthur H. Daniels. Ph. D.; On
the Least Observable Interval Between Stimuli Addressed to Disparate
Senses and to Different Organs of the Same Sense: Alice J. Hamlin; Notes
on New Apparatus: Edmund C. Sanford.—On the Words for "Anger"
IN CERTAIN LANGUAGES; A STUDY IN LINGUISTIC PSYCHOLOGY. By A. F.
Chamberlain. Ph. D.-A LABORATORY COURSE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOL-
OGY; THE VISUAL PERCEPTION OF SPACE. By Edmund C. Sanford.-PRO-
ceedings of THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION AT PRINCETON. - PSYCHOLOGICAL LITErature.-(Worcester,
Mass.: J. H. Orpha.)

THE PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW. Vol. IV. Nos. 2 and 3.

THE PRIORITY OF INNER EXPERIENCE. By Dr. Warner Fite.-FICHTE'S CONception of GoD. By Dr. J. A. Leighton.—The Doctrine oF CONSCIOUS ELEMENTS. By Miss E. B. Talbot.-DISCUSSIONS: I. Professor Fraser's

Account of Human Intelligence": Prof. J. E. Creighton; II. The Motor
Power of Ideas: Dr. Herbert Nichols; III. The Elench of the Liar: Hiram
M. Stanley-Book Reviews.

AGNOSTICISM. By President J. G. Schurman. -THE ETHICAL System of RICHARD CUMBERLAND. By Dr. Ernest Albee.-DESCARTES AND MODERN THEORIES OF EMOTION. By Dr. David Irons.-DISCUSSIONS: I. The Consciousness of Moral Obligation: William W. Carlile; II. Professor Ormond's "Basal Concepts in Philosophy": Prof. Archibald Alexander.—Book REVIEWS. (Boston, New York, Chicago: Ginn & Co.)

No. 3.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS. Vol. V.
SELF-ASSERTION and Self DENIAL. By J. S. Mackenzie.-MORAL FORCES IN
Dealing with the LABOR QUESTION. By William M. Salter.-THE ETHI-
CAL CONSEQUences of the Doctrine of IMMORTALITY. BY W. Lutoslawski,
-PHILOSOPHICAL SIN. By Henry Charles Lea.-NATIONAL CHARACTER AND
CLASSICISM IN ITALIAN ETHICS. By Luigi Ferri.-THE MOTIVES TO MORAL
CONDUCT. By A. Döring.—DISCUSSIONS.-BOOK REVIEWS.—(Philadelphia :
International Journal of Ethics, 1305 Arch Street.)

THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMMON SENSE. By Prof. Sidgwick.-NATURE OF INFERENCE IN HINDU LOGIC. By S. N. Gupta.-ON THE SUpposed Uselessness of the SOUL. By F. H. Bradley.-EMOTIONS VERSUS PLEASURE-PAIN. By H. R. Marshall.—On the Relation of ACCOMMODATION and ConverGENCE TO Our Sense of DEPTH. By E. T. Dixon.-REALITY AND CAUSATION. (II.). By W. Carlile.-IN WHAT SENSE ARE PSYCHICAL STATES EXTENDED? By F. H. Bradley.-DISCUSSIONS, ETC.-(London and Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate.)

REVUE DE MÉTAPHYSIQUE ET DE MORALE. Vol. III. Nos. 2 and 3. Esquisses de PHILOSOPHIE CRITIQUE. I. DE LA NATURE DES CHOSES. By A. Spir.-LA SOCIOLOGIE: SES CONDITIONS D'EXISTENCE, SON IMPORTANCE SCIENTIFIQUE ET PHILOSOPHIQUE. By M. Bernes.-LA LOGIQUE DE HEGEL: LA SCIENCE DE LA NOTION. By G. Noël.-Etudes critiques.

LA PHILOSOPHie de Charles SECRÉTAN. By E. Boutroux.-DES AXIOMES MATHÉMATIQUES. By G. Riquier.-De la resemblance et DE LA CONTIGUITÉ DANS L'ASSOCIATION DES IDEÉS. By Ch. Dumont.- ETUDES CRITIques.— (Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie.)

REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE. Vol. XX.

No. 3, 4, and 5.

SUR LA MÉTHODE DE LA SOCIOLOGIE. By (M.) Bernès.-LA PSYCHOlogie du MUSICIEN. IV. DE L'INTELLIGENCE MUSICALE ET DE SES CONDITIONS OBJECTIVES. BY (L.) Dauriac.-Recherches exPÉRIMENTALES SUR LES DIFFÉRENTS TYPES D'IMAGES. By Dugas.

L'ANCIENNE ET LES NOUVELLES GÉOMÉTRIES.

DE LA GÉOMÉTRIE DE L'ESPACE HOMOGÈNE.

IV. LES AXIOMES ET POSTULATS

By J. Delbauf.-SUR LA MÉ

THODE DE LA SOCIOLOGIE. (Concluded.) By M. Bernès.-LA MÉMOIRE MUSI-
CALE. By L. Dauriac.