reason compels us to consider as totally different in kind. But shall we, solely on this ground, proceed further to regard them as the specific attri butes of two substances or natures essentially different? If so, I certainly, for my own part, do not see what limits we can rationally set to the actual variety of such substances, which will obviously be required, in order to perfect the constitution of every individual bird or beast that moves upon the surface of this earth; there being, beyond dispute, in every such individual a variety of distinct faculties, instincts, appetites, and passions; which, on the principle of reasoning above advanced, must needs be allowed to indicate, most clearly, a correspondent difference in the elementary substances to which they severally appertain. If, however, it be once admitted that the striking difference observable in the two properties above referred to affords no kind of rational presumption, that two equally distinct essences are indispensably required for the purpose of completing the specific nature of an eagle or a horse, are we not (by parity of reason) equally constrained to own, that, in the mysterious substance which constitutes the human soul, there may be combined, together with those lower attributes of which man confessedly partakes in common with the rest of the animal creation, the incomparably nobler principles of intellectual ability and moral feeling? And that, without the least impeachment of the soul's simple and homogeneous nature; any more than we can justly be regarded as impeaching the integrity, or perfect soundness of the musical string, merely by ascribing to it its well-known power of producing an infinite variety of tones? I SHOULD be greatly obliged to any of your Correspondents who could furnish me with some particulars relating to a Divine, of the name of George Wilcockson. There are at this time extant of his, two MS Sermons, bearing the date of 1663, and dedicated to Lady Dunsmore, with whom he appears to have been in some degree connected. Yours, &c. CECILL MORT. Mr. URBAN, March 9. HE dismal apprehensions and an Try feelings entertained and ex pressed with regard to the national debt and taxes, very much diminish the sum of human happiness in this country. The two portraits of a Colony, without and with taxation, sent herewith, I am greatly in hopes, are calculated to assuage the one and allay the other. If so, there can be no means more effectual than through the extensive circulation of your Magazine. Suppose 2500 families agree to emigrate, and they obtain a grant of land from a parent state. The first rank, we will suppose, to consist of 250 persons, taking with them four thousand pounds each, making a total of one million: the second rank are 500, taking out stores, &c. with a view of becoming traders: the third rank are 1750, mechanics, labourers, &c. each person having as much store as will last till the colony is established. By previous arrangement, all offices,civil, ecclesiastical, &c. are to be administered gratuitously by the upper ranks; the labourers are to prepare the houses of the opulent, and be rewarded by small grants of land for the erection of their own cottages. All being thus settled, the houses built, and the stores which each individual had taken out for immediate sustenance being exhausted, the two lower ranks of the Colony must now, by traffic or labour, look out for fu ture maintenance. The traders have goods to sell; and they, as well as the upper ranks, need the assistance, in various ways, of the labouring people: hence wages are given. The money expended by the upper ranks, either for necessaries purchased of the traders, or for the hire of the lower ranks, now forms the circulating medium of the colony; and, supposing the upper ranks to live at the rate of 2001. per annum, each family, the circulating medium will be at the end of the first year fifty thousand pounds; of the second, one hundred thousand; and, at the end of twenty years the whole million will have been put into circulation. Let us now take a view of the state of the settlement at this period. For twenty years all has gone ou joyously: no taxes, no tithes, no placemen, no rent; the lowest rank has had plenty of of employment; the middle rank a constant sale for their commodities; but!the higher ranks have spent all their money; many of the labourers have, by various means, become unable to work; the middle rank has accumulated all the wealth, and with it all the power. The population may be supposed to be very much increased; the labourers in greater plenty, and consequently worse paid; and all articles of general consumption become, year after year, dearer and dearer, in proportion to the increased circulating medium. There will be a numerous poor, and no provision for them; the ministers, the magistrates, the teachers, will all have become paupers, and their influence gone. Then will arise a peremptory obligation to form some new kind of government: a levy of rates and an imposition of taxes will become inevitable. The new system must embrace the means of letting and lending, or there will be no retiring: and the toils of commerce can be solaced only by the hope of a tranquil enjoyment of leisure when life is declining. Let us now suppose the colony established as before, the same number of persons with the same property. Two years go on in the same manner, and one hundred thousand pounds have been expended by the upper rank, forming then the circulating medium of the colony. At this period they are attacked by the natives on whose territory they have settled; and, being unable to resist, are compelled to treat. The higher ranks lend the whole of their remaining money, and the land is purchased; all the community having agreed to pay their proportion of interest for the sum borrowed; and taxes are accordingly agreed upon, The circulating medium being one hundred thousand pounds, the public debt nine hundred thousand, the taxes at five per cent. will be annually forty-five thousand pounds, which is nine shillings in the pound on the circulating medium. This sum, raised and paid by quarterly dividends, becomes the perpetual support of the higher ranks, being one hundred and eighty pounds per annum for each of the 250 families of the upper rank, which, in a colony where the circulating medium amounts to no more than one hundred thousand pounds, will be an ample fortune; and which must be continually returned into circulation, they paying taxes equally with the rest of the community, and being neither traffickers nor labourers, must give employment to those that are; and this state of things may continue for ever. These very 250 persons, having first preserved their country, will now pay twenty thousand two hundred and fifty pounds of the taxes raised for the interest of their own money, furnishing employment for a great proportion of their labouring compatriots, leaving only twenty-four thousand seven hundred and fifty pounds to be raised upon all the other 2250 persons, and the descendants of the whole community. The money that was sent away will make that which remains much more valuable; and commodities will, from time to time, become cheaper and cheaper. If, instead of a gratuitous administration of the affairs of Government, salaries are appointed, it will cause a quicker circulation of the medium, which must again revert to the traffickers and labourers. If, instead of borrowing the sum amongst themselves to emancipate their country, they had agreed to pay tribute; and supposing that tribute to be ouly the same as the interest, namely, forty-five thousand pounds each year, they would, in little more than twenty-two years, have paid away the whole of their money; would thus have been left without any circulating medium, and would have fed and strengthened their enemies, while they had ruined themselves; whereas, by the establishment of a fund and taxes, they support their friends; they keep alive a constant circulating medium; and they give employment to a great part of the population. If the public debt becomes transferable, it will hold out a grand stimulus to industrious emulation; for property, acquired by exertion, will enable the possessor to obtain quietness and repose, while he leaves a void for one more vigorous and young to fill up, and thus it is that the circulation of money not only supports the circulation of human existence; but an imaginary stock, upheld by a nation's solemn engagement, becomes the resting-place of those who have, while they they laboured, contributed to its sup. port; and who, in turn, become partakers of the rest which it affords. Yours, &c. A LOMBARD. Mr. URBAN, HAVIN Feb. 17. AVING lately passed through Christ-Church, Hants, I visited the fine old Conventual Church there, and was extremely gratified by the great improvements made during the last year in that magnificent structure, which now resembles a Cathedral inuch more than a Parish Church. A new vaulted roof of stucco, jointed and coloured so as to imitate stone, has been erected in the Nave, after the early pointed style, from the designs of William Garbett, esq. of Winches ter; the proportions of which are extremely fine, and the outline peculiarly bold. The rib-mouldings are a continuation of the springers that remained of the old stone-roof, which the inhabitants have a tradition was carried in by the fall of the centre Tower and Spire; and the bosses of foliage at the intersection of the ribs are copied from some fine key-stones in other parts of the Church; so that the general effect is beautiful and antique. The lengthened perspective from the western door is very fine: and, since the organ, which is placed on the stone screen at the entrance of the Choir, has been reduced several feet in height at the centre of the framework, the whole of the groined roof of the Choir is now visible from the west end of the Church; and the contrast afforded between that elaborate and enriched canopy, and the simple and beautiful groin of the Nave is very striking. The Gothic columns and the mouldings round the windows of the upper or Clerestory tier of arches, as well as the Norman pilasters and columns, &c. of the Nave, have been restored. The fine stone screen under the organ and the gallery, which, unfortunately, was placed upon it 30 years ago, have been cleaned and repaired; they were both painted of a bright blue colour. The screen has been scraped and cleaned; and the gallery painted to imitate dark oak wainscot. In the Choir, which was (excepting the stalls) restored under the direction of the Rev. Wm. Bingley, A. M. with due care and attention, some years ago, great improvements have now been made. The fine lace-work carving in wood running round the top of the stalls, which, on the south side, was much injured, and on the north almost entirely destroyed, together with the rich Gothic crockets, or finials, which had been sawn off from the top at some former period, have been replaced. The Sub-Prior's stall has been removed opposite the Prior's, where it originally stood; and its canopy, which was much broken and destroyed, completed in unison with what remained of the original design. At the back of some of the stalls the carving had been taken away, and the vacant places filled up with plain wood: the carvings have now been replaced. The whole of the stalls, together with the altar, rails, &c. &c. have been cleaned, oiled, and varnished. A trumpery painting in watercolours over the unrivalled stone screen behind the high altar, encompassed with a salmon-coloured frame, which was placed there some 50 years ago, has been defaced, and the groundwork of wood coloured the same as the screen. Many minor improvements have taken place lately in this interesting building; which reflect the greatest credit on the Gentry, Clergy, and Churchwardens of this extensive Parish. The expence of ceiling the Nave, as the Sexton informed me, amounted to 8001, which was raised by subscrip tion; and that it was now in contemplation to ceil the western and antient tower as the Nave, and to place a flat ceiling on the south transept similar to that on the north. In the ailes of the Choir and in the Lady Chapel are some fine Chantries, many grave-stones of the Priors, and tombs of benefactors to the Conventual Church; and some very fine modern monuments; particularly one, by Flaxman, to the memory of Lady Fitzharris, and another by Chantry. In short, Mr. Urban, I was so much delighted with this interesting building, that I could not but regret that my time would not allow me to examine it with more attention. REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 38. A short Account of the ancient and modern State of the City and Close of Lichfield. 12mo. pp. 226. Longman and Co. *T has long been a source of surprise and disappointment to Travellers, that a city, celebrated for giving birth to several eminent characters, and possessing in itself so many attractions, should be deficient in what other places, of comparatively little interest, furnish to the enquirer, a short account of its beauties and antiquities." This deficiency is well supplied by the little volume now before us; which, after a good abridgment of the early periods of the history of this antient City, introduce to the principal Videnda. The "Eminent Characters" form an important portion of the volame. Among these are "Robert Whitlinton, an eminent grammarian, and author of many noted works. "He was with great ceremony created Doctor of Grammar, and crowned with laurel; he was highly esteemed for his learn ing, and in great favour with Cardinal Wolsey. He styled himself Proto-vates Angliæ; and pretended to cope with Wil. liam Lilly, the greatest Grammarian of his age, in comparison with whom, says Fuller, he was but a crackling thorn." Some of his works were priated in 1524 by Wynken de Worde." Elias Ashmole was born in Breadmarket-street, May 23, 1617. Gregory King, the laborious herald and antiquary, was born in the parish of St. Chad, Dec. 15, 1648. "He was son of Gregory King, who practised land surveying and dialling. At the grammar school in Lichfield be learned Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; and in 1662, by the recommendation of Dr. Hunter, was received as clerk to Dugdale, the celebrated antiquary, whom he accompanied in his visitations, taking with him blank shields of arms, which he filled up for such as de. sired them; be afterwards became archæ ological secretary to Lord Hatton. Returning to his native place in 1669, he employed himself in teaching writing and accounts, painting arms and signs, &c. Becoming Rouge Dragon, Lancaster Heraid, and Deputy Garter King at Arms, he conducted several installations of knights: he died at London, and was buried in the church of St. Bennet, Paul's wharf, where there is an inscription to kis memory.” GENT. MAG. March, 1820. Bishops Wetenhall, Smalridge, Talbot, and Newton, were natives of Lichfield; as were John Rowley, the celebrated mathematician, and inventor of the Orrery; Dr. Samuel Johnson, the illustrious Moralist and Philologer; and (in his profession) the not less eminent David Garrick. Sir John Floyer, Kot. F. R. S. physician to Charles II. was born at Hints, and resided at Lichfield. "He was one of the first to notice the pulsation of the arteries, and is supposed to be the person alluded to in the fifteenth number of the Tatler*. "Amongst other works, he published, in 1702, the ancient Psycrolusia revived, or an Essay on Cold-Bathing. "He caused baths to be erected at Unites well, a remarkably cold spring, which rises out of a rock near the summit of a hill at the Abenhalls, to which he gave the name of St. Chad's Bath. "He died in 1733, and bequeathed his library to Queen's College, Oxford. "Dr. Darwin, afterwards becoming possessed of the baths at Abenhalls, formed a botanic garden; which, under his skilful hands, assumed a form of the greatest beauty. After leaving the baths, the stream was conducted by several falls of highly picturesque appearance to a small pool surrounded by a shrubbery, through whose thickets were wound a mazy path, having, to the stranger, all the effect of an extensive wilderness. "The following inscription was over the entrance of a grotto: "If the meek flower of bashful dye "Dr. Darwin resided several years at Lichfield, and formed a Botanical Society. of which Sir Brooke Boothby, Bart. well known by his poetical publications, and Mr. Jackson, a proctor, were members. The translation of the "Linnæan System of Vegetables," and "The Families of Plants," were the productions of this society." In the description of the Marketstreet we are told, that "On the South side is the house of the late Mr. Greene, well known as the collector of a museum, rich in general, as well as local curiosities. Of an ingenious and persevering disposition, indefatigable in his favourite pursuit, he rescued many fragments of antiquity from destruction; he discovered the great seal of Prince Henry, which was used in an attorney's office in Lichfield, to compress papers. He was a frequent contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine, and furnished Mr. Urban with many useful and curious articles"." "Most of the local curiosities are in the possession of Dr. Wright." "On the North side of the street is the Bank, a little above which stood a building called the gate-house, through which was a passage to the ferry, formed for the use of the pilgrims who visited the shrine of St. Chad in the cathedral, The Guild, and afterwards the Corporation, possessed a landing place in the close and a road to the church. "In the large white house at the corner of the street, on the Westside of the marketplace, in the chamber next the milliner's shop, was born Samuel Johnson, LL. D. who, in his Dictionary, has thus noticed his native place: "Lichfield, the field of the dead, a city in Staffordshire, so called from martyred Christians.-Salve, magna parens !" A very neat view of the house is given, from a drawing taken in 1760. The house has since that time undergone some alterations. Old Michael Johnson, the Doctor's Father, was buried in St. Michael's Church, where the monumental stone, inscribed by his son, is covered by the new floor. "He was a respectable bookseller in this city, and attended, on market-days, the neighbouring towns; and had auctions of books, prints, &c. The following is the title and address to his customers, of one of his original sale catalogues: "A Catalogue of choice Books in all Faculties, Divinity, History, Travels, Law, Physick, Mathematicks, Philosophy, Poetry, &c. together with Bibles, Common Prayers, Shop Books, Pocket Books, &c. Also fine French Prints for stair-cases and large chimney pieces, Maps, large and small, To be sold by auction, or he who bids most, at the Talbot, in Sidbury, Worcester; the sale to begin on Friday, the 21st of this instant March, exactly at six o'clock in the afternoon, and to continue till all is sold. The books to be exposed to view three days before the sale begins. Catalogues are given out at the place of sale, or by Michael Johnson, of Lichfield." *See a View of Mr. Greene's Museum in our Vol. LVIII. p. 847. In this Catalogue, dated 1717-18, is the following notice, addressed "To all Gentlemen, Ladies, and others, in and near Worcester. "I have bad several auctions in your Evesham, &c. with success, and am now neighbourhood, as Gloucester, Tewkesbury, to address myself, and try my fortune with you. You must not wonder, that I begin every day's sale with small and common books; the reason is, a room is some time a filling, and persons of address and business seldom coming first, they are entertainment till we are full; they are never the last books of the best kind of that sort for ordinary families and young persons, &c. But in the body of the catalogue you will find Law, Mathematicks, History; and, for the learned in Divinity, there are Drs, South, Taylor, Tillotson, Beveridge, Flavel, &c. the best of that kind; and to please the ladies, I have added store of fine pictures and paper hangings; and by the way I would desire them to take notice that the pictures shall always be put up by the noon of that day they are to be sold, that they may be viewed by day-light. I have no more but to wish you pleased, and myself a good sale, who am your humble servant, "M. JOHNSON." As a short account of the Cathedral has been recently published, little on that subject is here given; but, in describing the Close, the Author says, "There are few places more interesting to a lover of literature than the walk in front of the palace; he stands in the avenue described by Farquhar as leading to the house of Lady Bountiful, and in which Aimwell pretends to faint; at the gates of the hospitable Gilbert Walmesley, the patron of merit, where Garrick may be supposed to have imbibed his taste for that profession he so highly ornamented; the favourite spot of the unfortunate Andrè; before the paternal gates of the elegant Addison; under the walls of that fortress which first obeyed the calls of loyalty, and took up arms in defence of the unfortunate Charles; within sight of the spot on which one of the greatest enemies of episcopacy lost his life, with singular circumstances. "Fanatic Brooke The fair Cathedral storm'd and took, Marmion. "Looking down upon the beautiful val ley in which stands the celebrated willow; and at the termination of which rise the houses of Mrs. Gastrell and Aston, the friends of Johnson, whose natal house is visible from this spot; by the side of the pool he sees the church and dwelling-place ol St. Chad, a saint in the Romish calendar of |