but exalted minds-Roger Williams and Penn, Vane, Fox, and Bunyan-went forth to welcome it; no glimpse of it reached James, whose selfish policy, unable to gain immediate dominion for his persecuted priests and his confessor, begged at least for toleration.) Debauching a woman on promise of marriage, he next allowed her to be traduced, and then married her; he was conscientious, but his moral sense was as slow as his understanding. He was not bloodthirsty; but to a narrow mind fear seems the most powerful instrument of government, and he propped his throne on the block and the gallows. A libertine without love, a devotee without spirituality, an advocate of toleration without a sense of the natural right to freedom of conscience, he floated between the sensuality of indulgence and the sensuality of superstition, hazarding heaven for an ugly mistress, and, to the great delight of abbots and nuns, winning it back again by pricking his flesh with sharp points of iron, and eating no meat on Saturdays. Of the two brothers, the duke of Buckingham said well, that Charles would not and James could not see. On the first of January, 1677, James put his whole character into his reply to Andros, which was as follows:

"I cannot but suspect assemblies would be of dangerous consequence, nothing being more known than the aptness of such bodies to assume to themselves many privileges, which prove destructive to, or very often disturb, the peace of government, when they are allowed. Neither do I see any use for them. Things that need redress may be sure of finding it at the quarter sessions, or by the legal and ordinary ways, or, lastly, by appeals to myself. However, I shall be ready to consider of any proposal you shall send."

In November, some months after the province of Sagadahock-that is, Maine east of the Kennebec-had been protected by a fort and a considerable garrison, Andros hastened to England; but he could not give eyes to the duke; and, on his return to New York, in 1678, he was ordered to continue the duties which, at the surrender, had been established for three years. In 1679, the revenue was a little increased; but the taxes were hardly three per cent on imports, and

really insufficient to meet the expenses of the colony; and an attempt to thwart the discipline of the Dutch Reformed church by the prerogative had been abandoned. As in the days of Lovelace, the province was "a terrestrial Canaan. The inhabitants were blessed in their basket and their store. They were free from pride; and a wagon gave as good content as in Europe a coach, their home-made cloth as the finest lawns. The doors of the low-roofed houses, which luxury never entered, stood wide open to charity and to the stranger." The island of New York may, in 1678, have contained not far from three thousand inhabitants; in the whole colony there could not have been far from twenty thousand. Ministers were scarce but welcome, and religions many; the poor were relieved, and beggars unknown. A thousand pounds seemed opulence; the possessor of half that sum was rich. The exports were land productions—wheat, lumber, tobacco— and peltry from the Indians. In the community, composed essentially of freeholders, great equality of condition prevailed; there were but "few merchants," "few servants, and very few slaves." Prompted by an exalted instinct, the people, in a popular convention, demanded power to govern themselves; and when, in 1681, the two Platts, Titus, Wood, and Wicks, of Huntington, arbitrarily summoned to New York, were still more arbitrarily thrown into prison, the purpose of the yeomanry remained unshaken.

The government of New York was quietly maintained over the settlements south and west of the Delaware, till they were granted to Penn; over the Jerseys Andros claimed a paramount authority. We have seen the Quakers refer the contest for decision to an English commission.

In East New Jersey, Philip Carteret, as the deputy of Sir George, had, in 1675, resumed the government, and, gaining popularity by postponing the payment of quit-rents, confirmed liberty of conscience with representative government. A direct trade with England, unencumbered by customs, was encouraged. The commerce of New York was endangered by the competition; and, disregarding a second patent from the duke of York, Andros, in 1678, claimed that the ships of New Jersey should pay tribute at Manhattan. After long

altercations and the arrest of Carteret, terminated only by the honest verdict of a New York jury, Andros, in 1680, again entered New Jersey, to intimidate its assembly by the royal patent to the duke. New Jersey could not, as in the happier Connecticut, plead an earlier grant from the king. "We are the representatives of the freeholders of this province:" such was the answer of the assembly; "his majesty's patent, though under the great seal, we dare not grant to be our rule or joint safety; for the great charter of England, alias Magna Charter, is the only rule, privilege, and joint safety of every free-born Englishman."

The trustees of Sir George Carteret, tired of the burden of colonial property, exposed their province to sale; and, in 1682, the unappropriated domain, with jurisdiction over the five thousand already planted on the soil, was purchased by an association of twelve Quakers, under the auspices of William Penn. A brief account of the province was immediately published; and settlers were allured by a eulogy on its healthful climate and safe harbors, its fisheries and abundant game, its forests and fertile soil, and the large liberties established for the encouragement of adventurers. In November, possession was taken by Thomas Rudyard, as temporary deputy governor; the happy country was already tenanted by "a sober, professing people." Meantime, the twelve proprietors selected each a partner; and, in March, 1683, to the twenty-four, among whom was the timorous, cruel, iniquitous Perth, afterward chancellor of Scotland, and the amiable, learned, and ingenious Barclay who became nominally the governor of the territory, a new and last patent of East New Jersey was granted by the duke of York. From Scotland the largest emigration was expected; and, in 1685, just before embarking for America with his own family and about two hundred passengers, George Scot, of Pitlochie, addressed to his countrymen an argument in favor of removing to a country where there was room for a man to flourish without wronging his neighbor. "It is judged the interest of the government "thus he wrote, apparently with the sanction of men in power-"to suppress Presbyterian principles altogether; the whole force of the law of this kingdom is levelled

at the effectual bearing them down. The rigorous putting these laws in execution hath in a great part ruined many of those who, notwithstanding thereof, find themselves in conscience obliged to retain these principles. A retreat where, by law, a toleration is allowed, doth at present offer itself in America, and is nowhere else to be found in his majesty's dominions."

This is the era at which East New Jersey, till now chiefly colonized from New England, became the asylum of Scottish Presbyterians. Who has not heard of the ruthless crimes by which the Stuarts attempted to supplant the church of Scotland, and extirpate the faith of a whole people? To whom has the tale not been told of the defeat of Graham of Claverhouse on Loudon Hill, and the subsequent rout of the insurgent fanatics at Bothwell Bridge? Of the Cameronians, hunted like beasts of prey, and exasperated by sufferings and despair? refusing, in face of the gallows, to say, "God save the king;" and charged even by their wives to die for the good old cause of the covenant? "I am but twenty," said an innocent girl at her execution, in 1680; "and they can accuse me of nothing but my judgment." The boot and the thumbikins could not extort confessions. The condemnation of Argyle displayed, in 1681, the prime nobility as "the vilest of mankind;" and wide-spread cruelty exhausted itself in devising punishments. In 1683, just after the grant of East New Jersey, a proclamation, unparalleled since the days when Alva drove the Netherlands into independence, proscribed all who had ever communed with rebels, and put twenty thousand lives at the mercy of informers. "It were better," said Lauderdale, "the country bore windle straws and sand larks than boor rebels to the king." After the insurrection of Monmouth, in 1684, the sanguinary excesses of despotic revenge were revived, gibbets erected in villages to intimidate the people, and soldiers intrusted with the execution of the laws. Scarce a Presbyterian family in Scotland but was involved in proscriptions or penalties; the jails overflowed, and their tenants were sold as slaves to the plantations.

Maddened by the succession of military murders; driven from their homes to caves, from caves to morasses and moun

tains; bringing death to the inmates of a house that should shelter them, death to the benefactor that should throw them food, death to the friend that listened to their complaint, death to the wife or the father that still dared to solace a husband or a son; ferreted out by spies; hunted with packs of dogs-the fanatics turned upon their pursuers, and threatened to retaliate on the men who should continue to imbrue their hands in blood. The council retorted by ordering a massacre. He that would not take the oath should be executed, though unarmed; and the recusants were shot on the roads, or as they labored in the fields, or as they stood in prayer. To fly was a confession of guilt; to excite suspicion was sentence of death; to own the covenant was treason. The houses of the victims were set on fire, their families shipped for the colonies. "It never will be well with Scotland till the country south of the Forth is reduced to a hunting-field." The remark is ascribed to James. "I doubt not, sir, but to be able to propose a way how to gratifie all such as your majestie shall be pleased to thinke deserving of it, without touching your exchequer," wrote Jeffries to James II., just as he had passed sentence of transportation on hundreds of Monmouth's English followers. James II. sent the hint to the north, and in Scotland the business was equally well understood. The indemnity proclaimed in 1685, on the accession of James II., was an act of delusive clemency. Every day wretched fugitives were tried by a jury of soldiers, and executed in clusters on the highways; women, fastened to stakes beneath the sea-mark, were drowned by the rising tide; the dungeons were crowded with men perishing for want of water and air. Of the shoals transported to America, women were often burnt in the cheek, men marked by lopping off their ears.

From 1682 to 1687, Scottish Presbyterians of virtue, education, and courage, blending a love of popular liberty with religious enthusiasm, hurried to East New Jersey in such numbers as to give to the rising commonwealth a character which a century and a half did not efface. In 1686, after the judicial murder of the duke of Argyle, his brother, Lord Neill Campbell, who had purchased the proprietary right of