deficient in sentiment for his dead wife or child, but in making a generalization on such a matter, it should be based on the largest number of facts and not on the exceptions.

In this description of Indian life and character drawn by Penn, we must remember that it was in the primitive days of colonial life, before the Indians had suffered so terribly from contact with the white people. They had not then been robbed of their lands, and could easily provide a living. Rum had not done its awful work; they had not been cheated in every bargain; nor had their wives become unfaithful. In other places, where the whites had already been longer among them, with the Bible in the one hand and the shot-gun in the other, they were, as Penn remarks, "the worse for the Christians, who have propagated their vices, and yielded them tradition for ill, and not for good things." The truth unquestionably is, the popular conception of the Indians is that formed of them in their last estate, after they had been despoiled of everything by a race vastly superior in plotting and in executing iniquity, and not as they were in the early days when the great Onas wandered around with them in the woods, playing with their children, unmindful for a brief hour of the stormy scenes at home and the dark days that were before him.

Too soon did he receive letters from England reciting a long list of calamities. His wife was severely ill; his friend Sydney had perished on the block; the persecution of non-conformists to the state religion had grown fierce and general. Penn felt that he must return without delay. Summoning the chiefs of all the Indian tribes to Pennsbury, he concluded with them a treaty of peace. He told them that he was going beyond

the seas for a little while, and would return if the Great Spirit permitted him to live. He begged them to drink no more fire-water, forbade his own people to sell them brandy and arms, and obtained their promise to live in peace and amity with each other and with the white men. At this time the Province, including the Lower Counties, was divided into thirty-two townships, and perhaps seven thousand people were living in them. Of this number one-third were in Philadelphia.

To the Friends he sent a circular letter declaring that God had a work for them to do, and urging them to be watchful over themselves, helpful to one another, circumspect and zealous. The eye of the Lord was on them, and also the eye of the world, to see "how we live, how we rule and how we obey, and joy would it be to some to see us halt and bear evil tidings of our proceedings." The Lord had brought them there and tried them with liberty and power, precious opportunities that ought not to be lost through perversity.

Before leaving, the executive was entrusted to the provincial council. Thomas Lloyd, a Welsh Friend, was made president, to whom was especially commited. the charge of the great seal of the Province. Markham was created secretary of the Province and the Lower Counties, while others were selected for surveyorgeneral, commissioners of the land-office and provincial judges.

He returned in a brig called the Endeavor. After he had gone on board he addressed to Thomas Lloyd and his associates a beautiful letter in which he thus wrote of the city of his heart: "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this Province, named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what service, and what

travail has there been to bring thee forth and preserve thee from such as would abuse and defile thee! O that thou mayest be kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee! that faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the life of righteousness, thou mayest be preserved to the end! My soul prays to God for thee, that thou mayest stand in the day of trial, that thy children may be blessed of the Lord, and thy people saved by his power."

SECTION IV.

From Penn's First Return to His Second Return to England. 1684-1701.

When Penn reached the English shore, he found his wife had improved so much that she was able to meet him at Sussex. After passing three or four days with his family, Penn went to Newmarket, where he saw the king and Duke of York. Both received him kindly. Not long afterward, Charles II. breathed his last, and was succeeded by his brother, James II.

Charles's reign had been the most shameful of all the English kings. Penn counted more than fifteen thou sand families who had been ruined for upholding their opinions during Charles's reign; and no less than four thousand had died in jail. As the Duke of York had been opposed to these atrocities, Penn waited on him to remind him of the good-will he had professed toward all conscientious persons, and besought the deliverance of religious women and men then in jail. James was a Roman Catholic, and desired that no person should be disturbed by reason of his opinions, but he would not promise to do anything until after his coronation. Nevertheless, he opened the prison gates to every person

who was confined for refusing to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and twelve hundred Friends rejoiced in their liberty.

To be near the court, Penn hired apartments in Holland House at Kensington, and brought his wife and family to town. His influence with the king was known, for the king, when Duke of York, had great regard for Admiral Penn, and was a friend and patron of William's, admitting him to terms of familiar intercourse, unusual between a prince and persons not of royal blood. The friendship, thus early formed, had been preserved, and was now to be used to a good purpose. In Penn every man with a grievance found a friend. Envoys were sent from the American Colonies to solicit his influence in their behalf, and many religious persons besides Friends crowded to his levees.

One of his earliest favors will be remembered as long as literature shall last. During Charles's reign, Shaftesbury had fled to the Continent, and one of his strongest friends, the serene and blameless John Locke, was enveloped in a cloud of suspicion. Locke had been cast out of the University of Oxford, of which he was the chief ornament, and went to the Hague, where he finished his great work on the Human Understanding. Penn sought for his permission to return to England, but as the illustrious exile was conscious of no crime, he refused to accept a pardon. Though Locke rejected one for himself, he did not afterward scruple to ask a pardon for others.

The story is a very long one of the persons for whom Penn interceded, and of his success in procuring their release. Penn would gladly have returned to his Province, but the king pressed him to remain until an act

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of Parliament establishing freedom had been passed. Penn's thoughts flew westward to the city rising by the Delaware, to the simple-minded sons of the forest who loved him so well and needed his protection so greatly. Yet a sense of duty kept him in England. He was accomplishing much by speech and pen, both with those in power and with dissenters. His chief obstacle was the mutual ignorance and bigotry of court and Parliament concerning toleration. Penn went over to Holland to see the Prince of Orange, who was the probable successor of James, and whose opinions, therefore, were of the highest importance. William would consent to an act of toleration, but not to the repeal of the Test Acts, because he regarded these as a bulwark of the church. While at the Hague Penn saw many exiles from England, and learned more about their sufferings. Finishing his business at the Hague, he went to Amsterdam to have an account of his Province prepared for circulation among the farmers of the Low Countries. He travelled through Holland and up the Rhine, bearing everywhere tidings that a land of freedom had been founded in the New World, where every man enjoyed his full share of political power. To the citizens of the Upper Rhine, he doubtless reported the success of the German colony of Germanopolis. On his return to London he appealed to the king in behalf of the English exiles who were in Holland. The most numerous were political offenders. Many were pardoned at Penn's request, and their posterity long cherished grateful remembrance of his efforts. Unwisely, James continued to lean more and more toward his Roman Catholic neighbor, Louis XIV. of France. Penn, seeing the danger of an alliance, warned James of the consequence.