hement protests and fearsome predictions (see Introd., p. xxxiii).

31. 27. will be sure to fortifie. So it turned out. Monk's army was left intact, and new forces were added from time to time. By June, 1666, Charles had at his command an army of 20,000 men (Camb. Hist. 5. 113). King James, in time of peace, maintained an equally large standing army.

31. 30. narrowly watch'd and kept so low. Milton had long before come across this idea in Guicciardini, and made a note of it: Tyranni armorum studium in populo extinguere conantur. I re passati temendo del impeto de popoli havevano atteso a disarmargli et alienargli dagli essercitii militari' (Com. Bk.). He was familiar, also, with Mariana's De Rege, which gives the following picture of a restored monarch: 'Ergo ut in principio nihil est humilius adulatore, ita postquam opes suas firmavit, nihil est in eo insolentius, ... in omnia vitiorum genera delabitur. . . . Ardet libidine, æstuat cupiditatibus, sævitiam ostentat, opes publicas & privatas domum avertit, ut solus in omnium fortunis dominati, solusque alieno nomine regnare videtur, omnia denique ad suum commodum refert, nulla cura publicæ salutis' (De Rege, ed. 1611, p. 175). The argument was much used by Buchanan and Machiavelli, and by practically all the writers against tyrants.

Cf. Marchamount Needham, Interest will not Lye: 'It shall be counted reason of state to keep you poor and low.' See note on 31. 25.

31. 32. would never so fain. Would never so gladly do so. 32. 4. God's known denouncement. See I Sam. 8. 18. 32. 4a. gentilizing. Desiring to have a king, and 'be like all the nations.'

32. 5. Commonwealth of God's own ordaining. Cf. Machiavelli, Works, p. 534: 'Whosoever reads attentively the Historical part of the Old Testament, shall find that God himself never made but one Government for men, that this Government was a Commonwealth, (wherein the Sanhedrim or Senate, and the Congregation or popular Assembly had their share) and that he manifested his high displeasure when the rebellious would turn it into a Monarchy.'

32. 6. his peculiar people. Cf. Deut. 14. 2: 'For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God, and the Lord hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.' Cf. note on 19. 10. 32. 7. misgovernment of Samuel's sons. See I Sam. 8. 5. 32. 8. no more a reason, etc. An implied rebuke to the deserters of the republican cause.

32. 19. new gilded Yoke. The old yoke newly gilded. 32. 20. new royal-revenue. Many of the ancient and hereditary sources of royal income had, of course, been abolished. Tonnage and poundage, for two hundred years an unquestioned prerogative of the crown, ship-money, income from the sale of titles, or alternative fines by way of 'composition,' fines based upon old forest-laws, income from the sale of patents on soap, salt, spirits, etc., all of which had been resorted to by Charles I, no longer existed. Besides, the large revenues from crown-lands had been cut off by the sale of these lands to supporters of the commonwealth. The same was true of the bishops' lands and chapter-lands of the church.

32. 20a. for those are individual. They were now accruing to private individuals. See note on 32. 20.

32. 24. general confusion to men's estates. Among the first acts of Parliament was the restoration of the crown-lands and the queen's jointure. A bill providing for the satisfaction of the purchasers of public lands failed to pass. Newcastle, Buckingham, and others were reinstated in all their former possessions by special vote; while estates in general which had been sold by the late government reverted to the original owners, without compensation to present holders. Churchlands to the value of £2,400,000 were also restored.

generally.

worst and ignoblest. Cavaliers and court-followers

32. 27. ministers of court riot and excess. This probably should read, 'ministers of court-riot and excess'; for the following 'it' seems to refer to a single antecedent idea, viz., court-extravagance-'riot and excess.'

32. 30. revenges. This only too well-founded argument

was much used by Milton and other republicans. The most notable example, perhaps, is the News from Brussels, a pamphlet probably instigated by Praise-God Barebone, and written by Milton's fellow-journalist, Marchamount Needham. It purports to be 'from a near Attendant on His Majesty's Person.' The pamphlet 'casually became publick' in London on March 31. 'This rebellion first began in presbyterian pulpits,' declares the pseudo-cavalier writer. He continues: 'Tis a romance to think revenge can sleep.... Canst fancy that our master can forget he had a father, .. how he lost his crown and life, and who the cause thereof?... Ne'er fear it, there's fire enough in his father's ashes. . . to burn up every adversary... The presbyter will give up the fanatick, a handsome bone to pick at first. . . . Thus half the beard they shave themselves, let us alone with t'other: Drown first the kitlings, let the dam that littered them alone a little longer. . . . Fret not, . . . for we resolve the rogues that left the Rump shall feel the scourge that loyal hearts lash rebels with ; . . . a roundhead is a roundhead; black and white devils look all alike to us.-Thinkest thou that we can breathe in peace while we see a little finger left alive that hath been dipt in royal blood? or his adherents? No, a thought of mercy is more hateful than hell: But cooks may be conquerors, and a plate [poison] perform equal execution with a pistol, and with less report. ... Get arms, but buy them not in such suspicious numbers,' etc. Cf. note on 33. I.

No wonder that John Evelyn rose from a sick-bed to offset this dangerous appeal, and that the Royalist gentry made haste to publish the following reassurance: 'We do disclaim and with perfect detestation disown all purpose of revenge, or partial remembrance of things past,' etc. Charles himself declared from Breda, April 14: 'We do grant a free and general pardon .. to all our subjects. . . who, within forty days after the publishing hereof, shall lay hold upon this our grace and favour, . . . excepting only such persons as shall hereafter be excepted by Parliament' (Gardiner, Const. Doc., p. 465).

Parliament proved to be more implacable than the king. By its order the bodies of Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton

were dug up and hung at Tyburn; many of the regicides (see note on 32. 35a) were hung, and some even hacked to pieces. 'The presbyterians,' says Mrs. Hutchinson, 'were now the white boys, and according to their nature fell a thirsting, then hunting after blood, urging that God's blessing could not be upon the land, till justice had cleansed it from the late king's blood' (Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson 2. 245). Milton himself went into hiding, but was finally arrested; and it was only through the good offices of Davenant and Marvell that he escaped hanging.

...

32. 35. though perhaps neuters, etc. See Glossary. A very similar foreboding is quoted by Walker, and branded as 'a canting lye.' Cf. Hist. Ind. 4. 53: 'Whatever fair pretences may be made use of by the common Enemy, . . . yet should they prevail, no man that hath been of a party against them heretofore, yea no man that hath been a meer Neuter, but must expect that his private Estate, as well as the Publick Liberty, shall become a prey to a desperate crew of ravenous and unreasonable men.'

32. 35a. if not to utmost infliction, yet ... banishment. Thirteen of the regicides were executed-ten of these being hanged, drawn, and quartered; twenty-five were imprisoned for life; and others, like Goffe and Whalley, found refuge in America.

32. 37. disfavour. Colonel Hutchinson may be taken as the type of an upright, conscientious consenter to the king's death. Upon his first appearance in the hostile House, being expected to say something in his own defense, he calmly and firmly declared that he had acted according to conscience, and was ready to abide the consequences. Through the utmost endeavors of his wife and friends, his sentence was reduced to this: 'to be discharged from the present parliament, and from all office, military or civil, in the state for ever' (Memoirs 2. 251). 33. I. new royaliz'd presbyterians. The Presbyterians had been foremost in instituting and carrying on the Civil War, and had tried to force Charles to take the Covenant and set up national Presbyterianism; but when the Independents, in 1649, went about bringing him to trial, they did all they could to save his life, and to restore him to the throne. Hence

Milton's attempt to scare them into repentance met with no success. Cf. Needham's similar warning: 'What can you of the Presbyterian judgment expect, but certain ruin to your way and your persons?... Consider the animosity naturally inherent in the royal party, and their head, against you. Be not so weak, as to sooth yourselves, that you shall fare better than others... it is ground sufficient for his hatred, that you bandied against his father, and the prerogative. . . . Again, consider, that he hath a most particular antipathie against your party, as the old enemies of his family. . . . Trust him, then, if you please; and bring him in if you dare' (Interest will not Lye: Harris, Life of Charles II 1. 290).

33. 4. the pacification. A secret treaty was entered into by Charles with the Scots Dec. 26, 1647, in which he agreed to the following demands: maintenance of the Covenant; establishment of Presbyterianism in England; the disbanding of armies. In turn, the king was to be confirmed in his control of the militia and the power of veto over Parliament.

33. 6. diabolical forerunning libells. See Appendices A, p. 167; B.

33. 6a. the faces, the gestures. See Glossary. The general feeling of exultation expressed itself in demonstrations of loyalty, especially in taverns. 'Everybody now drink the king's health,' observed Pepys.

33. II. hell. The term is to be taken, primarily, in its ordinary sense. But it doubtless possessed an additional pungency for the Londoners of Milton's day, inasmuch as there flourished at that time, near Westminster, a rather notorious tavern called 'Hell.' Clarendon says that the Presbyterians arrested at Pride's Purge in 1648 were confined in 'that place under the Exchequer which is commonly called Hell; where they might eat and drink at their own charge' (Hist. Reb. 11. 207). Noble records that on Jan. 17, 1649, 'it was observable that it was also ordered, that "all back doors from the House, called Hell, should be shut up during the king's trial" (Lives of Eng. Regicides, Introd.). The existence of this resort, together with the unrestrained health-drinking

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