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If we consider that the temperature of the earth increases at an average rate of about 1° Fahr. for every ninety feet of depth, these facts will not appear at all surprising. The permanence of their temperature is a proof of their obtaining it at great depths. At Mont Dor the very bath exists which was constructed in the time of Cæsar. At Yakutsk, where the soil is frozen to a depth of 630 feet, Mr. Atkinson informs us that hot springs exist, and afford in their neighbourhood opportunities of culture.

Many springs rise impregnated with carbonic acid,—those of Carlsbad to the amount of 12 cubic inches to the pint, and that of Bilin 34 inches. The warm spring of Wildbad, in Wirtemberg, contains in a pint of water 12 cubic inches of carbonic acid, 7.9 of azote, and 8 of oxygen. Sulphuretted hydrogen also is no uncommon ingredient, as in the sources of Baden, Harrogate, and St. Arlmand. Saline ingredients often enter to a large extent, and springs of brine occur in many localities, as at Droitwich, in Worcestershire; at Halle, in Saxony; and at Luneberg. Other salts of soda also occur in abundance; thus the springs of Carlsbad alone have been computed (from analysis) to give out annually more than 13,000,000 lbs. of carbonate, and 20,000,000 lbs. of sulphate of that alkali. Borax is found in the lakes of Thibet, and free boracic acid in the Lagune of Tuscany. Lime and magnesia enter as muriate and sulphate. Silica occurs in the boiling springs of the Geysers.

Springs of petroleum and naphtha occur in Zante, in Modena, and Parma, in Sicily, and many other localities. In the Burmese territory, on the Irawadi, there are upwards of 500 wells yielding annually 400,000 hogsheads of petroleum. In Trinidad there is a lake of mineral pitch three miles in circumference, partly liquid, partly solid, and fluid bitumen rises through the sea near that island. Petroleum wells have recently been opened over a very extensive district in North America, near Cleveland, Ohio, and on the banks of Oil Creek, a branch of the Alleghany River, in Erie county, Pennsylvania; also at 'Tidionte,' in Warren county, where are seventeen wells stated to yield the almost incredible quantity of 10,000 gallons a day. The oil is pumped up with water from shallow wells, mere pits, and, floating on the surface, is collected. It is stated to burn well, and to be highly lubricating.

In

Carburetted hydrogen gas is discharged from the earth in many regions where coal abounds. At Fredonia, in New York, U.S., it is conveyed in pipes for lighting and domestic use. the province of Tsechuan, in China, it is also so used. At Tsee-lieou-tsing, a single source of gas heats 300 kettles. At Pietra Mala, near Florence, carburetted hydrogen rises

through limestone, and may be set on fire. At Bacou, on the Caspian, flames (doubtless owing to gas on fire) are often observed to run over the hills. Something of the same kind is said to occur in the country between Namur and Liege. Springs occasionally intermit and flow again in regularly recurring periods. That of Paderborn, in Westphalia, discharges water twice in the twenty-four hours-the discharge being accompanied with a loud rumbling noise. The cave of Kilcorney, county Clare, in Ireland, generally dry, discharges a great flood of water quite suddenly two or three times in the year. The lake of Zirknitz, near Trieste, is half the year a hay-field, and the other half full of water discharged from a limestone cavern.

MENSURATION.

To find the convex surface of a cylinder :

(1) What is the area of the convex surface of a cylinder whose circumference is 10 ft., and whose height is 32 ft. ?

(2) How many yards of cloth 22 in. wide will be required to cover a cylinder of which the diameter is 2 ft. 6 in., and height 7 ft.

9 in. ?

To find the solid content of a cylinder :

(3) What is the solid content of a cylinder whose height is 25 ft., and the diameter of whose base is 10 ft.?

(4) What is the length of a cylinder whose diameter is 18 in., and whose solid content is 10 cubic feet?

(5) What weight of water can be contained in a cylinder whose height is 10 ft., and the circumference of whose base is 20 ft.?

THE BATTLE OF CULLODEN.

(From the History of England,' by Lord Mahon.)

1746.

[By the Act of Settlement, the Crown, on the death of Queen Anne, devolved on George, Elector of Hanover, who became King A.D. 1714. The House of Stuart, however, had a strong party in their favour, especially in Scotland, and an unsuccessful attempt was made in behalf of James (the Pretender), son of James II., in 1715. Circumstances seemed to favour the hopes of this (the Jacobite) party again in 1745, when the young Pretender, Charles, son of James, landed in Scotland, and was received by the Highlanders with open arms. invaded England, won the battle of Prestonpans, and seemed likely to meet with success in his enterprise, until a division among his followers compelled him to retreat from Derby, to which town he had advanced. The King's army, which was on the march to meet him, pursued, and the opposing forces met at Culloden, where Charles's army was entirely and irretrievably routed.]

He

THE battle began with a cannonade on both sides, by which (so different was the skill of their artillerymen!) the royal army

suffered little, but the insurgent, greatly. Of the rival princes, William at once took up his position between the first and second lines; Charles, before repairing to his, rode along the ranks to animate the men. His little party soon became a conspicuous mark for the enemy's cannon; several of his guardsmen fell, and a servant, who held a led horse, was killed by his side, the prince himself being covered by the earth thrown up by the ball. Not discomposed, however, he coolly continued his inspection, and then, as at Falkirk, stationed himself on a little height just behind the second line. Meanwhile, a storm of snow and hail had began to fall, but, unlike that at Falkirk, blowing full in the faces of the Highlanders. At length, Lord George Murray, finding his division of the right lose so much more than they inflicted from the cannonade, sent Colonel Ker of Gradon to the prince, requesting permission to attack. This being granted, the right wing and centre, with one loud shout, rushed furiously forward, sword in hand; they were received with a rolling fire, both of cannon and grapeshot, but yet so resistless was their onset that they broke through Monro's and Burrel's regiments in the first line, and captured two pieces of cannon. But the duke, foreseeing the chance of this event, and with a view to provide against it, had carefully strengthened and stationed his second line; it was drawn up three deep, the front rank kneeling, the second bending forward, the third standing upright. These, reserving their fire till the Highlanders were close upon them, poured in a volley so well sustained and destructive as completely to disorder them. Before they could recover, the royal troops improved the advantage, and, driving the clans together till they became one mingled mass, turned them from assailants into fugitives. Some of their best DUNNIE WASSAILS and the Chief of Mac Lauchlan were killed and trampled down; the brave Lochiel fell wounded, but was carried from the field by his two henchmen; and the call of the other chiefs arose unheeded and overborne. In short, the whole right and centre of the insurgents were now in irretrievable rout, pursued by superior numbers, and dropping from previous exhaustion.

Yet let it not be deemed that even thus their courage failed. Not by their forefathers at Bannockburn-not by themselves at Preston or at Falkirk-not in after years when discipline had raised and refined the valour of their sons-not on the shores of the Nile-not on that other field of victory where their gallant chief, with a prophetic shroud (it is their own superstition) high upon his breast, addressed to them only these three words, 'HIGHLANDERS, REMEMBER EGYPT'-not in those hours of triumph and of glory was displayed a more firm and resolute bravery than now in the defeat at Culloden. The right and

the stocks of their muskets. One farm-building, into which some twenty disabled Highlanders had crawled, was deliberately set on fire the next day, and burned with them to the ground. The native prisoners were scarcely better treated; and even sufficient water was not vouchsafed to their thirst. 'I myself,' says a gentleman of Inverness, have often gone by the prison at that melancholy time, when I heard the prisoners calling out for water in the most pitiful manner.' To palliate these severities, it was afterwards said in the royal army, that an order had been found, in Lord George Murray's writing, that the Highlanders if victorious should give no quarter. But this pretended order was never shown or seen; it is utterly at variance with the insurgents' conduct in their previous battles; and was often and most solemnly denied by their pri

soners.

From the field of Culloden Charles had rode away with Sheridan, O'Sullivan, and other horsemen, to Gortuleg, where Lord Lovat was residing. It was the first and last meeting between them; but small was the sympathy or consolation which the young prince received from the hoary, and now despairing, intriguer. While Charles exclaimed on the ruin of the cause, Lovat thought only of his own; he forgot even the common courtesy of a host, and they parted in mutual displeasure. Resuming his flight at ten o'clock the same evening, Charles and his little party rode rapidly on to Glengarry's Castle of Invergarry, where they arrived two hours before day-break of the 17th, so utterly exhausted that they could only throw themselves upon the floor in their clothes. The success of a fisherman, who went out and caught two salmon from the neighbouring brook, afforded their only chance of food; nor was there any other beverage than the same brook supplied. Yet how slight were these hardships compared to those which followed! There was still some prospect of rallying an army at Ruthven, to which about 1,200 fugitives from Culloden had repaired, directed by the talent and animated by the spirit of Lord George Murray. But the want of supplies of all kindsthe terror of the recent battle-the growing dispersion-and the far superior forces of the enemy at hand-ere long dispelled these lingering hopes. Lord George, indeed, was still for persevering at all hazards, but a message was received from Charles, thanking the gentlemen present for their zeal, but urging them to do only what each might think best for his own safety, and they accordingly dispersed. And thus was the Rebellion finally extinguished.

MENSURATION.

To find the surface of a right cone or a pyramid

(1) What is the convex surface of an upright cone whose diameter is 4.5 ft., and the slant height 20 ft.?

(2) Required the whole surface of a rectangular pyramid whose base is 17 ft. by 15 ft. 6 in., and whose slant height is 34 ft.

To find the solid content of a right cone or pyramid :

(3) What is the solid content of a cone, the diameter of whose base is 18 in., and whose perpendicular height is 15 ft.?

(4) What is the weight of a square pyramid of copper, each side of whose base is 6 in., and whose height is 5 in., the specific gravity of copper being 8.95 ?

(5) Find the solid content of a triangular cone, each of whose sides and whose height are 5 ft.

'THE STARRY GALILEO;' THE INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE.

(From 'Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts, by J. Timbs, F.S.A.)

op'-ti-cal, relating to the science of optics con'-vex, the opposite of concave; the rising in a circular form at the outside of a globe

ep-i-dem'-i-cal, affecting the people in large numbers

ap-pel-la'-tion, name, title

from east to west and sometimes from
west to east

re-frac'-tion, the variation, or deviation,
from a direct line of a ray of light
con-cave', hollow

suc-ces'-sive-ly, in uninterrupted order
sem-i-di-am'-e-ter, half a diameter

a-e-ro-naut, one who sails through the sat'-el-lite, a small or secondary planet air

plei'-a-des, a cluster of stars

pre-dict', to foretell

li'-brate (v.), to poise, to balance

revolving round a larger, as the moon round the earth

grav-i-ta'-tion, the act of tending, by at-
traction, to the centre

con-tem'-po-ra-ry, one who lives at the
same time with another
ir-rep'-a-rab-ly, without recovery

li-bra'-tion, an apparent irregularity in the moon's motion, by which she seems to librate about her axis, sometimes It was in the month of April or May 1609, that a rumour, creeping through Europe by the tardy messengers of former days, at length found its way to Venice, where Galileo was on a visit to a friend, that a Dutchman had presented to Prince Maurice of Nassau an optical instrument, which possessed the singular property of causing distant objects to appear nearer to the observer. This Dutchman was Hans, or John Sippershey, who, as has been clearly proved by the late Professor Moll, of Utrecht, was in possession of a telescope made by himself so early as October 1608. A few days afterwards, this report was confirmed in a letter from James Badorere, at Paris, to Galileo, who immediately applied himself to the consideration of the subject. On the first night after his return to Padua, he found

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