now as they did in chivalry and in explorations under the French régime; and Quebec is the centre around which the associations of the past circle and the representatives of the old noblesse delight to congregate.

As a city where hospitality is dispensed by the hand of beauty, Quebec stands unrivalled in America.

Quebec is in lat. 46° 49′ N., long. 71° 13′ 45′′ W., is 200 miles from the mouth of the St. Lawrence at Point des Monts, 180 miles. N.E. of Montreal, and 328 miles N.N.W. of Portland.

6. Montreal (Quebec).

Montreal, the chief city in the province of Quebec, and the present commercial and financial centre of the Dominion, with its population of 140,682, is the largest and most attractive city in Canada. It is situated in lat. 45° 31′ N., long. 73° 34′ W., on the southern shore of the island of the same name, at the junction of ocean and river navigation, and is the summer seaport of the vast inland system of the St. Lawrence river and lakes. It is 620 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, 180 miles south-west of Quebec, 320 due north of New York, and has extensive railway connections with the whole Dominion of Canada and with the United States. The island of Montreal is a beautiful and fertile island 32 miles long by 8 to 10 miles wide, lying at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers; and the city, whether seen from the river front, where the St. Lawrence is about 2 miles wide, or from the park covering the heights of Mount Royal, about 2 miles back from the river, has a picturesque and imposing appearance. The harbour stretches from the entrance of the Lachine Canal at the west, to the town of Hochelaga on the east, a distance of about 3 miles, and is lined by a raised roadway or terrace

fronted with a parapet of masonry, and backed by warehouses. Behind this roadway the city is built on a succession of gently-rising terraces, surmounted immediately in rear by the wooded heights of Mount Royal, 726 feet above the level of the river St. Lawrence. The buildings are imposing, and with their material of grey marble and tinned roofs give a striking character to this Canadian city. It is well paved, and very generally ornamented with trees. An aqueduct of 7 miles in length from the rapids of Lachine provides by gravitation an unlimited supply of pure water. Gas and electricity are used to secure light, and the telegraph and telephone, with all the ordinary city appliances, are generally adopted. The harbour is under the control of a Board of Commissioners, and every facility is afforded to the ever-increasing shipping which lines the wharf. Access is afforded to the south shore by the Victoria Bridge, and extensive improvements are projected, one by a tunnel under the river bed, another by a combined roadway and dam from the city to St. Helen's Island, as well as by a railway bridge immediately above the city for the Atlantic and North-Western Railway, and a third bridge across the foot of St. Helen's Island, just below the city.

Montreal is chiefly devoted to commerce and manufactures, but one cannot fail to notice the number and massiveness of its public buildings, and the elegance of the private ones. The population is a mixed one of French and English, the former being the more numerous, but the latter possessing more wealth, and generally controlling both trade and manufactures. It is a favourite resort for both summer and winter tourists, and each season affords special attractions. The social and educational advantages the city affords, combined with good and cheap markets, make it a favourite place of residence; while the climate is delightful, and the four winter

months, from December to March inclusive, have charms which strangers appreciate after having lived in the country.

The history of Montreal dates from 1535, when Jacques Cartier first landed on its shores and gave the name it so worthily bears of "Mount Royal." The Indians of the Huron tribe here had their chief village and rendezvous, to which they gave the name of Hochelaga, and relics of this ancient race are still occasionally disturbed in the excavations in the neighbourhood of the mountain. The way to the Indian village was through large fields of Indian corn (maize). Its outline was circular; and it was encompassed by three separate rows of palisades, or rather picket fences, one within the other, well secured and put together. A single entrance was left in this rude fortification, but guarded with pikes and stakes, and every precaution was taken against siege or attack. The cabins or lodges of the inhabitants, about fifty in number, were constructed in the form of a tunnel, each 50 feet in length by 15 in breadth. They were formed of wood covered with bark. Above the doors of these houses, as well as along the outer rows of palisades, ran a gallery ascended by ladders, where stones and other missiles were laid ready for the defence of the place. Each house contained several chambers, and the whole was so arranged as to enclose an open courtyard, where fire was made. It first began to be settled by Europeans in 1542, and exactly one century afterwards the spot destined for the city was consecrated with due solemnities, and called "Ville Marie," a name which it retained for a long period. In 1760 it was taken by the English. At this time it was a well-peopled town, of an oblong form, surrounded by a wall flanked with eleven redoubts, a ditch about 8 feet deep and a proportionate width, but dry, and a fort and citadel, the batteries of which com