to England, henneries on a large scale will be established. The exportation has already begun.

Bee-keeping is profitably carried on in many parts of the Dominion, and the late introduction of Syrian and other foreign bees is likely to make bee culture in Canada an important industry.

Near the large towns, market gardening is profitably carried on. A comparatively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, backed up by experience, a good income is assured. Like everything else, however, none but those who have had experience in Canada should attempt it.

These few points show that what may be termed the smaller branches of farming are not neglected by the Canadian husbandman. Still much remains to be done in this respect.

The export cattle trade has made rapid strides in the last few years. The total value of live stock exported for year 1878-9 was $2,648,983 more than in 1874-5, nearly the whole of which is in exports to Great Britain, which were almost nominal in the earlier year, that trade then being in its infancy. The bulk of the exports were formerly to the United States and Newfoundland. Another cause for congratulation is that, while the exports have been increasing, the imports from the United States have been decreasing: in 1874-5 they were $999,787, or about 50 per cent of the exports; in 1878-9 they had fallen to $441,930, or less than 10 per cent of the exports, showing that this large increase in the trade was supplied by home-raised cattle.

We may add that the latest returns show an extraordinary increase in the production and consumption of home industries, and the statement of the Revenue and Expenditure of the Dominion for the fiscal year 1880-1 gives a large surplus of revenue. Canada, like the mother

country, is not without a public debt, but the pacific purposes for which it has been incurred cannot fail ultimately to promote the prosperity of the country. The debt is not, says Sir Alexander Galt, as is the case in every other country, excepting always the various British colonies, the melancholy record of blood and treasure squandered in foreign or intestine wars; but, on the other hand, registers the peaceful progress of a people conscious of the vast resources of their country, and earnestly devoting themselves to its development.

CHAPTER XI.

THE PEOPLE.

1. Numbers.

By the Census Act, 42 Vict. cap. 21, a decennial census is taken in Canada. Under the last one in 1881, we find the population of the older provinces to be as follows:

Dominion of Canada, ordinary population.
Indian population-Census, 1871
Newfoundland-Census, 1874

4,324,810

102,358

161,374

The increase under the French régime between 1605 and 1760 was slow, as shown in the following table. Since then there has been a steady and fair increase in spite of many hindrances, the greatest being a want of knowledge of the geography, climate, and resources of the country. At last a new era appears to have dawned, and it is reasonable to expect that there will be henceforth a large influx of population into Canada.

The following table shows the progress from the first settlement in 1605 to the present time, 1881:

In 1605, Port Royal had a population of

1608, New France (Quebec)

1613, St. John's (Newfoundland)

1701, Acadia

1698, Newfoundland, English

1706, New France

1739,

French

44

28

62

Prince Edward Island

1,000

16,000

1741, Newfoundland, English

1749, Acadia

Cape Breton

New Brunswick

The population of the four provinces forming the Dominion at the Census of 1871 consisted, to the extent of more than four-fifths, of natives of British North America. These numbered 2,900,531, of whom 1,138,794 were natives of Ontario, 1,147,664 of Quebec, 360,832 of Nova Scotia, 245,068 of New Brunswick, 405 of Manitoba and British Columbia, and 7768 natives of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. Of alien born inhabitants the most numerous at the Census of 1871 were 210,451 natives of Ireland, 144,999 of England and Wales, 121,074 of Scotland, 64,447 natives of the United States, and 24,162 natives of Germany.

The following table shows the growth of the five older provinces during the past forty years:—

The increase in the past ten years has been 664,337 in the five older provinces, or 18.02 per cent against 15 per cent in 1861-71. This growth may perhaps be thought unsatisfactory when it is compared with the

increase of 30 per cent made by the United States in the same period; but it is manifestly unfair thus to compare the two countries, since the increase in the United States, which gives this large percentage of growth, occurred almost wholly in the Western States. With the Canadian NorthWest now opened for settlement, with railway communication throughout that territory being rapidly pushed to completion, and with more active energy in promoting emigration to that country, there can hardly be a doubt that the decade upon which Canada has recently entered will witness quite as large a percentage of growth as has been enjoyed by the Western States in the past, or will be made in the future. But the percentage of increase in the five older provinces of the Dominion is about equal to that of the New England States of the United States, viz. 14.55 per cent against 15 per cent; while Ontario shows a growth. of 3 per cent more than the New England States, and only about 2 per cent less than that of the Middle States.

It will be noticed from the terms of the Census Act that the census details required are very comprehensive. Each census according to the Act shall be so taken as to ascertain with the utmost possible accuracy, in regard to the various territorial divisions of the country, their population, and the classification thereof as regards age, sex, social condition, religion, education, race, occupation, and otherwise; the houses and other buildings. therein, and their classification as dwellings, inhabited, uninhabited, under construction, and otherwise; the occupied land therein, and the condition thereof, as town, village, country, cultivated, uncultivated, and otherwise; the produce, state, and resources of the agricultural, fishing, lumbering, mining, mechanical, manufacturing, trading, and other industries thereof; the municipal, educational, charitable, and other institutions thereof; and whatever other matters may be specified in the forms and instructions.