:6

"seized by nymphs" (vúμon. nymph," and AŋTтós, "seized "),
i. e., inspired by the spirit of nature.-19. Homer compares to
them: Odyssey, VII. 106:- And he had fifty handmaids in the
house, and some grind the yellow grain on the millstone, and
others weave webs, and turn the yarn as they sit, restless as
the leaves of the tall poplar tree" (Butcher and Lang's transla-
tion).-21. Alcinous: king of the Phæacians, father of that ad-
mirable Greek maiden Nausicaa, who came to the relief of
shipwrecked Ulysses (Odyssey, VI.).-Naxos: the largest island
of the Cyclades, famous for its wine.

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326.-1. gush by gush: revised text, "by little."-upon: re-
vised text, on. -22-23. dainty-wheeled and dainty-winged
spirit of Triptolemus: "Going swiftly, half on the airy, mercu-
rial wheels of his farm instrument, harrow or plough, half on
wings of serpents-the worm, symbolical of the soil, but winged,
as sending up the dust committed to it, after subtle firing, in
colors and odors of fruit and flowers" (Pater, Demeter and
Persephone in Greek Studies).-25. in: revised text, "on."

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99

327.-4. embodiments: revised text, "abstractions."-15.
nimble: revised text, "agile."-18. Revised text: insert “ being
after "solace."-28. he: revised text, Pan." 29. their names:
cf. " 'satyr and "satire," and "Pan' " and " panic "; but by
the accepted etymology now "satire " comes from satura, a
mixed dish," a medley."

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328.-2-3. happiest moments: revised text, "happy moment."
-Praxiteles: he came comparatively late in Greek sculpture,
living in the fourth century B. C.; see Hawthorne's Marble Faun
for an interpretation of the statue which Pater refers to.-16.
Revised text: add "to Pan" after "hymn."-28. Marsyas: Pater
specifies this satyr because he challenged Apollo to a contest
in flute-playing, and was flayed alive by the god for his presump-
tion.-30. Theocritus: the greatest of the classic pastoral poets;
he lived in the third century B. C.

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329.--13. Amycle: a town in southern Greece.-19. Revised
text: omit " ' and after Florence."-36. Revised text: insert
"Eleutherios" after "Deliverer."

330.—3. Revised text: after “there” insert the following sen-
tence: -"There, under his later reign, hard by the golden image
of Apollo himself, near the sacred tripod on which the Pythia
sat to prophesy, was to be seen a strange object—a sort of coffin,
or cinerary urn, with the inscription,Here lieth the body of
Dionysus, the son of Semele.'"-10. Revised text: insert "then"
after "back."-13. Gozzoli's: Gozzoli died in 1498, at Pisa, where
are his chief paintings, twenty-three frescoes on the walls of the
cloister of the Campo Santo, or burial ground (lit. "holy field ").
-22-23. Revised text: transpose "now almost departed" to a
position between apprehension and of unseen powers."-37.
Titian and Tintoret: both of these Venetian painters, of the six-
teenth century, painted the marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne;
see 332, 1-10.

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331.-5. calpis a pitcher.-6. amphora a two-handled jar.-
12. Revised text: insert δεισιδαίμονες ” after sympathies ";
cf. Acts xvii. 22, where Paul in his speech to the Athenians
applies to them the same Greek word, which in the King James

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Version is translated "superstitious," and in the margin of the Revised Version religious."—19. Aristophanes: the greatest writer of comedy among the Greeks; he lived in the fifth century B. C.

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332.-9. though: revised text, and."-18. Sophocles: usually considered the most perfect of the Greek tragic poets; he died in 406 B. C.-20. Cadmus: the legendary founder of Thebes.

333.-7. Callimachus: a Greek lyric poet of the third century B. C.-34. Revised text: omit "and" after "capricious."

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334.-1. silex-flint.-2. lie: revised text, are lying."—15. Aaron's rod that budded: Num. xvii. 8; Heb. ix. 4-16. Tannhäuser is saved: revised text, Tannhäuser's repentance is accepted." Tannhäuser, the hero of a medieval German legend, appeals to the Pope for the forgiveness of his grievous sins; the Pope, who holds a staff, replies that Tannhäuser may expect forgiveness when the staff grows green; later it does grow green, a sign that God's mercy is greater than the Pope had thought.28. invented discovered (lit. come upon ").-31. mænads_ frenzied female worshippers of Bacchus (Gk. μaivás, “raving "maniac" is from the same root).-38. spring: revised text, "summer." Elis and Argos: a region and a city in Greece.

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335.-4. the solace of it: revised text, "its solace."-6. the prophet Melampus: some serpents, whose lives Melampus had saved, licked his ears with their tongues and enabled him to understand the language of birds and worms; this gift was the basis of his prophetic powers and insight into the secrets of nature.-11 Giorgione: a Venetian painter (1477-1511), who influenced the style of Titian.-12. Fête Champêtre " Rural Festival." Louvre: the great art museum of Paris.-13. Revised " and text: insert 66 after 'subtle."-16-17. Revised text: omit "of it."-19. "Acqua frésca! ""Fresh water!"-26. Bacchæ: revised text, Bacchanals."-28. epithets: revised text, "and."32. Revised text: insert "for them" after "became."-38. for instance: revised text, as it were."

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336.-1. Revised text: insert" the" before "human body" and before "human soul"; change "flesh to a body."

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ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.

AES TRIPLEX.

The essay was first published in The Cornhill Magazine, April, 1878.

337.-16. pyramids: they were built as the tombs of the Egyptian kings. dule trees mourning-trees, under which families or clans gathered to bewail deaths or other calamities (also spelt "dool-tree"; Lat. dolor, “grief ").

339.-5. blue-peter: a blue flag with a white square in the centre, flown when the vessel is about to sail.-29. Balaklava: a seaport in the Crimea, near which, in the war between Russia and England in 1854, occurred the famous charge of the English Light Brigade, in which 472 men out of a total of 670 were killed.-32 Curtius: a Roman, who in the early days of Rome,

so runs the legend, leaped on horseback into a chasm which an earthquake had opened in the Forum and which the soothsayers had said could be closed only by casting into it Rome's greatest treasure.

340.-2. the Derby: a horse-race, established in 1780 by the Earl of Derby, which is run every May at Epsom, and is attended by hundreds of thousands from London, many of whom go by coach.-3. the deified Caligula: this Roman emperor (12-41 A. D.) had himself worshipped as a demi-god during his lifetime.5. Baiæ bay: near Naples; a favorite seaside resort of the Romans.-6. Prætorian guards: the body-guards of the Roman emperors (so called because originally, under the republic, they were the body-guard of the prætor).-35. Omar Khayyam: a Persian poet, who died in the early part of the twelfth century; his Rubaiyat, or quatrains, have been translated by Edward Fitzgerald.

341.-2. a vapor or a show: Jas. iv. 7; Ps. xxxix. 6.-3. same stuff with dreams: Tempest, IV. i. 156-158:

"We are such stuff

As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep."

342.-8. the Commander's statue: according to an old Spanish legend, Don Juan, the famous libertine, after killing the governor of the city in a duel, broke into the murdered man's tomb and invited his statue to attend a feast; at the appointed time the statue appeared and carried Don Juan to the lower world.29. bath-chair-an invalid's chair on wheels (so called from Bath, the English health-resort, where such chairs are common).—35. lexicographer: Samuel Johnson; his English dictionary appeared in 1755.-38. triple brass: an allusion to the title of the essay, Aes Triplex, which is taken from Horace (Odes, I. iii.):—

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Illi robur et aes triplex

Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci
Commisit pelago ratem
Primus."

"mim

("Oak and triple brass encompassed the breast of him who first entrusted his frail bark to the wild sea. ") 343.-38. mim-mouthed: 66 is Scotch for mum." 344.-7. cried Nelson: before one of his great naval battles. -33. folio: Stevenson intentionally mentions a book of the largest size.

345.-22. trailing with him clouds of glory: Wordsworth, Ode on Intimations of Immortality.

EARLY TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

The Anglo-Saxon version is taken from The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and old Mercian Versions.

Cambridge, 1871-1887,

The Wiclif version is taken from The Holy Bible in the Earliest English Versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his Followers; edited by the Rev. Josiah Forshall and Sir Frederic Madden Oxford, 1850.

The Tyndale version is taken from The English Hexapla, London, 1841. Tyndale published his translation of the New Testament from the Greek in 1525; a revised edition appeared in 1534. 347.-1. pu thou. pe=who. si-be.-2. Gewurpe become, be done (from weorthan; same root as Ger. werden; cf. "worth" (="come to ") in woe worth the day," sometimes met in poetry). ɣin-thine. swa so.-3. gedæghwamlican-daily.

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hlaf-loaf. syle-sell, give.-5. costnunge-temptation. ac-but. alys release (cf. Ger. erlösen).-6. Soplice truly (cf. “in sooth," soothsayer," etc.); with the sense here of " come truth," i.e., amen.

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66

may it be347.-8. be thy wille don as in heuen and in erthe: the defective form of the comparison is due to translating literally from the Vulgate, which has " fiat voluntas tua sicut in coelo et in terra."-9. oure breed ouer other substaunce: a literal translation from the Vulgate's “panem nostrum supersubstantialem ("our bread necessary to support life ").

THE PARABLE OF THE PRODIGAL SON.

99

In Wiclif's version the peculiarities are often due to translating literally from the Vulgate, as will appear below.

66

348.-4. And not aftir manye dayes: "Et non post multos dies" (Vulgate).—7-8. a strong hungir was maad: “facta est fames valida" (Vulgate).—-10. toun: a mistranslation of the Vulgate's villam,"country estate," "farm."-13. he turned azen in to him silf: "in se autem reversus (Vulgate).-20. was stirid by mercy: "misercordia motus est" (Vulgate).-20-21. rennynge to: accurrens (Vulgate).-24-25. firste stoole-best robe; "stolam primam (Vulgate).-31. a crowde: chorum (Vulgate); the Latin word also means "chorus and is a correct translation of the Greek xopŵv; the mistake was Wiclif's. 349.-2. so manye zeeris: "tot annis " (Vulgate).-5. hooris whores.-7-8. alle myne thingis ben thyne: "omnia mea tua sunt " (Vulgate).

SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE.

OF THE HILLES OF GOLD.

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The name of the author is probably fictitious; but there was a John Mandeville who died in 1372. The work itself is mostly a compilation from earlier books of travel in the East. The earliest known manuscript of it is in French, and dated 1371; the English translation was made about the beginning of the fifteenth century. The extract here printed is from Chap. XXX. 350.-23. Pissemyres ants. fynen-refine.-28. sleighte= cunning (cf. "sleight-of-hand ").

351.-4. or ere.-14. kynde nature.

SIR THOMAS MALORY.

THE PARTING OF LAUNCELOT AND GUINEVERE.

Le Morte Darthur, which (says Caxton in his preface), "Sir Thomas Malory dyd take oute of certeyn bookes of frensshe and reduced it into Englysshe," was one of the earliest books printed by William Caxton, the first English printer. The text here followed is that of the Temple Classics edition, which is considerably modernized in spelling. The extract given is from Book XXI., Chaps. 9, 10. The civil war between King Arthur and Modred, his son, had ended in the death of Modred and the mysterious departure of Arthur, sore wounded, into the vale of Avilion. Launcelot, in France, hearing only that the king was hard pressed, came over-sea to help him; being told that Arthur had been slain, he sought Queen Guinevere, who had entered the nunnery at Almesbury.

353.-1. Sangreal-the Holy Grail.-12. gray or white: Franciscans were gray friars, Carmelites white; so called from the color of their gowns.-26. Sir Bevidere: this honest knight, who had carried Arthur to the barge and seen him sail away, had already 'taken himself to perfection" and was an inmate of the hermitage.

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HUGH LATIMER.

AN ARRAIGNMENT OF LONDON.

The famous Sermon of the Plough was preached in St. Paul's Church, London, on January 18, 1548. Seven years later, under 'Bloody Mary," Latimer was burned at the stake for heresy. The sermon gets its title from Latimer's thought that the preacher is a plougher in God's field, the world, where the seed of His word is sown.

355.-9. between stock and stock-between post and post.— 13. exhibition " a benefaction settled for the maintenance of scholars in English universities, not depending on the foundation" (Century Dictionary).

JOHN LYLY.

THE CHARACTER OF EUPHUES.

Euphues is a kind of society novel, giving a picture of life and manners in different countries, as Euphues ("Wellborn ") pursues his travels. The passage here given is the beginning of the book. The text is that of the first edition, as reprinted in R. W. Bond's edition of Lyly (Oxford, 1902).

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355.-29. only: to be taken with "she herself," not with current."-32. honest honorable.

356.-4. quipping=uttering quips, or sharp jests.-6. brack=