mines, set up factories, built oil refineries, and carried on a large business. It was a great shock to the foreign residents when a revolution broke out in Mexico in 1910. President Diaz, who had kept up his power for 32 years, partly by silencing his enemies (§ 352), was driven out, and Madero became president. A second revolution broke out and Madero was seized and imprisoned by his subordinate, General Huerta (1913), who made himself dictator; and Madero was soon after found dead.

Landing United States troops at Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1914

President Wilson declined to recognize Huerta as president, and a third revolution broke out in northern Mexico, under Carranza and Villa. The United States, as a protection to American citizens and interests, landed a few troops at Vera Cruz (1914). Huerta resigned; and our troops were withdrawn after about seven months. Meanwhile the revolutionary leaders quarreled over the presidency and fell to fighting each other, ravaging their unhappy country which had seen no peace for years. Carranza gained the upper hand, and at last the United States, in agreement with the A. B. C. powers (§ 352), recognized him as chief executive (1915). Early in 1916 Villa attacked a town on the north side of the boundary, and an American military expedition under General Pershing was sent into Mexico in pursuit. Carranza protested that he could curb Villa without assistance, and the American force was withdrawn early in 1917.

REFERENCES AND QUESTIONS

501

399. Summary. This chapter describes the action of political parties and administrations from 1905 to 1917.

The second administration of Roosevelt and that of his successor Taft were devoted in good part to new laws on trusts and railroads. In 1912, Roosevelt headed the Progressive party in the presidential election. Among three candidates, Woodrow Wilson was elected by the Democrats.

President Wilson urged, and the Democrats enacted, a new tariff, an income tax, a federal reserve banking system, and a trade commission. Two amendments were added to the Constitution. Mexico went through a series of bloody revolutions.

REFERENCES

Maps. Epoch Maps, no. 15. — Hart, Am. Hist. Maps, nos. 23-24. Histories. Beard, Contemp. Hist., 317-331, 336-338.· Fish, Develop. of Am. Nation, ch. xxix. Hart, Monroe Doctrine, ch. xiv; Obvious Orient. Ogg, Nat. Progress, chs. ix-xiii.

Sources. Am. Year Book, years 1910-1917.-James, Readings, § 105. Roosevelt, Autobiography. - Woodrow Wilson, Selected Addresses and Public Papers; War, Labor and Peace.

Side Lights and Stories. Various weekly and monthly periodicals. Pictures. Collier's. Independent. - Outlook. - World's Work, etc. Cartoons in Literary Digest and Am. Review of Reviews.

QUESTIONS

(8 391) 1. How did Roosevelt regard the duties of the President? 2. How was the Panama Canal constructed? 3 (For an essay). Roosevelt in the White House.

(§ 392) 4. How did the election of 1908 come out? 5. What kind of President was Taft?

(§ 393) 6. Who were the " Insurgents"? the "Standpatters"? the "Progressive Republicans"? 7. How did the election of 1912 come out? 8 (For an essay). The Republican or the Progressive or the Democratic National Convention in 1912.

(§ 394) 9 (For an essay). Wilson in the White House. 10. What part did Bryan play in politics?

(8 395) 11. What was the Underwood tariff? 12. What was the Sixteenth Amendment? the Seventeenth?

(§ 396) 13. What is the Reserve Bank System? 14. What is the Trade Commission?

(§ 397) 15. How were the Philippines improved?

(§ 398) 16 (For an essay). A visit to Mexico. 17. How did the Mexican revolution come about? 18. How did the United States act?

CHAPTER XXXVIII

AMERICA IN THE WORLD WAR (1914–1920)

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400. The World War and Neutrality. In August, 1914, a terrible war broke out in Europe between the "Central Powers" of Germany and Austria on one side, and what was called the "Triple Entente " of Great Britain, France, and Russia on the other side. Several small European powers joined the Triple Entente, now commonly known as the "Allies," and Turkey joined the Central Powers. The next

A trench

year Bulgaria also came in on that side, making a belt of four nations which reached from the North Sea to the Persian Gulf. Japan and Italy threw in their lot with the Allies.

A few hours after the outbreak of war, the Germans invaded Belgium, contrary to solemn promises and treaties. This treachery enabled

them to push into France and almost to take Paris, but they were driven back by the French and British in the great battle of the Marne; and during almost all the rest of the war they occupied a fortified trench line running through western Belgium and northeastern France, from the sea to Switzerland.

The attack on Belgium and the frightful treatment of Belgian and French men, women, and children by German soldiers, often under orders from their officers, shocked the American people; but the war was very distant and few realized at first how it threatened the security of the United

THE WORLD WAR AND NEUTRALITY

503

States. Hence this country claimed the rights of neutrals as they had been asserted during the Napoleonic wars (§ 163). American trade at first continued with both groups of fighting powers; but the British quickly secured command of the seas, and made it impossible to ship materials of war to Germany and Austria.

The Germans before the war sent a band of secret agents to the United States to work up sympathy and to organize the German-Americans. They now loudly objected to our munition trade with the Allies, although the great German Krupp factory had for years been selling immense quantities of munitions wherever there was war. Not content with protests, the German and Austrian ambassadors, consuls, and secret agents worked together in a campaign of destruction of factories, ships, and American lives, which was virtually a war on the United States.

Great Britain now laid down new and strict rules of contraband" and "blockade," by which copper, rubber, petroleum, and many other goods were made contraband and cargoes intended for Germany were seized. The Germans on their side declared that all the seas around England were a zone of war," in which they would capture either Allied or neutral ships. The only German vessels that could safely keep the seas were submarines which, contrary to right and mercy, sank many ships without giving the peaceful passengers and crews a chance to save their lives. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine without any warning sank the great British steamer Lusitania, and thus took the lives of more than a thousand men, women, and children, including 114 Americans. This was very near an act of war; and the government at Washington protested against such sinkings till Germany reluctantly promised to sink no more passenger ships without giving the people on board a chance to escape.

401. Politics and Parties (1914-1917). After 1912 ($393), the Progressives lost votes, and by 1916 most of them had gone back to the Republican party. In June, 1916, a Progressive convention was held, to try to influence the Republicans to nominate Roosevelt; but the Republican