REFERENCES AND QUESTIONS REFERENCES 379 Maps. Dunning, Reconstruction, 82, 114.- Hart, Epoch Maps, no. 7; Wall Maps. - Shepherd, Hist. Atlas, 210. Dunning, Re- Histories. Bassett, Un. States, 594-626, 640-644. construction, chs. i-viii. - Fish, Dev. of Am. Nation., 407-420. - Wilson, Division and Reunion, Reconstruction and Union, 7-43. - Paxson, New Nation, 26-49. — South in Building of Nation, IV. 553-626. §§ 125-133. MacDonald, Sources. Caldwell and Persinger, Source Hist., 466-477. Harding, Select Orations, nos. 29-31. Hart, Contemporaries, IV. §§ 141-155, 162; Source Book, §§ 127-131. — Hill, Liberty Docs., ch. xxiii. - James, Readings, 93. - Johnston, Am. Orations, IV. 129-188. Doc. Source Book, nos. 145–173; Select Statutes, nos. 49–84. Side Lights and Stories. Glasgow, Voice of the People. Merriam's Scholars. - Page, Red Rock. - Thanet, Expiation. — Tourgée, Fool's Errand. - Hale, Mrs. Pictures. Frank Leslie's Weekly.-Harper's Weekly. - Wilson, Am. People, V. QUESTIONS (§ 293) 1. What did many people think about the problem of reconstruction? 2. What changes had come about in the South during the war? 3. How were the southern states affected? 4. How were the white southerners affected? 5. How were the freedmen affected? 6. Who had power to reorganize the Union? 7. What was President Johnson's point of view? (§ 294) 8. How did Johnson try to reconstruct? 9. What was the plan adopted by Congress? 10. How were new governments formed in the South? (§ 295) 11 (For an essay). southern leaders treated? 13. (§ 296) 14. What was the were passed regarding them? men just after the war. them? 17. Jefferson Davis in prison. 12. How were How did they receive reconstruction? condition of the negroes? 15. What laws 16 (For an essay). Life among the freedWhat did the Federal government do for (§ 297) 18. Why were constitutional amendments needed? 19. What was the Thirteenth Amendment? 20. What was the Fourteenth Amendment? 21. What was the Fifteenth Amendment? 23. (§ 298) 22. Why was an effort made to impeach the President? How did it result? 24. What was the result of the election of 1868? (§ 299) 25. What was the state of business during the war? 26. How did the railroads prosper? 27. How were the Pacific railroads built? 28 (For an essay). An early rail trip across the continent. (§ 300) 29. What was the currency during the war? 30. How did the greenbacks affect business? 31. How was the West settled after the war? CHAPTER XXVIII THE WEST AND THE PACIFIC SLOPE (1870-1885) 302. The West in 1870. Until the Civil War, the West stopped near the Mississippi River; but in a few years another larger West stretched beyond, with a scattered population pushed out in advance of the railroads. In 1870 about 7,000,000 people, in addition to 250,000 Indians, were living in the section between the Mississippi and the Pacific coast, including the former slave states of Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Except for the mining camps in Nevada, Colorado, Idaho, and California, the far West was almost entirely a farming and cattle-raising region. The western plains and valleys of the Rocky Mountains. long abounded in buffaloes, excellent for food and covered with a valuable pelt. The fur traders killed out part of them (§ 157), and the farmers helped the Indians to finish the destruction; so that after 1875 not a tenth of the immense herds was left. No effort was ever made to raise buffaloes on a large scale, but the cattle brought over by the old Spaniards multiplied until there were millions on the great plains of Texas and farther north. The different owners of cattle ranches had each a mark that was branded on the calves, and each tried to keep his herds together. Then the cattle were driven north to the railroads, by which they were shipped alive to Chicago and other places, to be killed and packed. Some live cattle were carried as far as the eastern coast cities, and shipped in steamers across the sea, especially to England. It was a good business, and cattlemen who had little at the start often became rich. 303. The Pacific Slope. Still farther to the westward was another cattle-raising region in California; but so many Memoriai Arch, Leland Stanford University, California. The architect designed the buildings after the style of the old Spanish missions settlers poured in that much of the grazing land was turned into plowed fields, and California raised an immense wheat orop for export. Spanish land grants were bought up by Americans and became vast private estates, some of them including 20,000 or 30,000 acres. The Californians explored their own state and found several superb mountain valleys, of which the Yosemite with its waterfalls 2,500 feet high is the most magnificent. They also discovered several groves of big trees, three or four thousand years old. Farther up the coast the principal product at this time was the magnificent timber of Oregon and Washington, including many trees ten feet in diameter at fifteen feet above the ground. Oregon was developing a farming region in the broad valleys of the Willamette and the Columbia (§ 262), and small settlements were already made at Spokane Falls and Walla Walla, and at Seattle and Tacoma on Puget Sound. After a long dispute with Great Britain the beautiful group of San Juan Islands in the waters separating Vancouver Island from the mainland was acknowledged to belong to the United States (1872). Far to the north another stretch of Pacific coast was added in 1867 by annexing Alaska, then called Russian America (§ 233). The Russians made up their minds that it was not worth while to keep the region, and Secretary Seward quickly accepted their offer to sell it for $7,200,000. The new possession included islands stretching almost to the coast of Asia, the valley of the great Yukon River, and thousands of islands off the coast, as far south as 54° 40′ (map, page 8). Nobody then realized how rich Alaska was in various sorts of wealth: gold, coal, and copper; fur-bearing seals; and salmon and other fish. 304. Interior Territories and States (1861-1876). After the Civil War, settlers poured into the great interior country beyond the Missouri River, and there was a brief rush eastward from California across the Sierra Nevada. These settlements made it necessary to create seven new territories, as follows: Colorado, Nevada, and Dakota (1861), Arizona and Idaho (1863), Montana (1864), Wyoming (1868). Nevada was admitted to the Union as the 36th state in a great hurry in order to get its electoral vote for 1864 (map, page 432). It then contained only 40,000 people, chiefly engaged in mining. Nebraska included valuable prairie lands and was on the line of the new Pacific railroad. It was duly admitted in 1867 as the 37th state with 100,000 people, practically all of them farmers. One of the scenic wonders of the great interior was made known in 1869, when a bold set of government explorers went down the Colorado River in a boat, through the Grand Canyon. The next year a private exploring party pushed its way into the extreme headwaters of the Yellowstone River, about which trappers told wonderful tales; and there they found great waterfalls and hot springs and rock terraces and fountain-like geysers, which since then have been the admiration of thousands of visitors. Colorado seemed very far away. Most of its settlers reached it by a long journey in "prairie schooners"; that is, big covered wagons, very much like the old Conestoga wagons (§ 176). Some of them were marked "Pikes Peak or Bust." The state was admitted to the Union (the 38th state) in 1876 The emigrants then hardly realized the resources of the state |