VICKSBURG AND GETTYSBURG 339 to be taken, Grant circled around the city, south, east, north, and then west till he came up against its defenses. Union trenches around Shirley House at Vicksburg, 1863. From a war-time photograph. The soldiers lived in the dugouts The earthworks of the two armies are still preserved and make one of the most interesting parks in the world. After heavy fighting on the river and on land, Vicksburg surrendered (July 4). Lincoln thankfully said: "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea." In the East, after defeating the army of the Potomac at Chancellorsville, Lee made what proved to be the last attempt to penetrate the North by a southern army. York and other towns in Pennsylvania were captured by the Confederates, and Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York were alarmed. General George E. Meade was put at the head of the Union army and threw it across the path of Lee at Gettysburg. On the third day of terrible fighting, Lee made his last effort, by ordering Pickett's division of 15,000 men to charge on the Union lines (July 3). The gallant effort failed; a few Con federates reached "the high tide of the Confederacy" on the ridge south of the town, but the attack was hurled back. The next day the Confederates retreated, and from that time to the end of the war Lee's army was on the defensive. -- 273. Summary. This chapter describes the secession by the southern states and the first two years of the consequent Civil War. South Carolina led in secession. In spite of Buchanan's weak objections, the state withdrew December 20, 1860. Major Anderson then moved his troops to Fort Sumter. Buchanan was willing to surrender that fort but was overruled.. Six states followed South Carolina at once and all efforts to stop secession by compromise failed. There was a warm discussion of secession on both sides, each accusing the other of unfriendly acts. Except the futile attempt to relieve Fort Sumter by the Star of the West, the Federal government did nothing until Lincoln became President. He decided to try to reënforce Fort Sumter, whereupon the Confederate government fired upon it and easily captured it (April 14, 1861). Four more southern states at once seceded, leaving twenty-three on the northern side. The United States had a very small army and it took some time before either side was able to go to war. In the first battle of Bull Run, the Union troops were defeated, and in 1862 they were several times defeated in the East. The North set up a successful blockade, and in 1862 took New Orleans. The western army of the Union pushed down through Tennessee, fighting hard at Pittsburg Landing, and then along the Mississippi River. In 1863 Vicksburg was taken and Lee's army was defeated at Gettysburg. REFERENCES Maps. Chadwick, Causes of Civil War, 244. Dodge, Bird's-Eye View of Civil War. — Hart, Epoch Maps, no. 13; Wall Maps, nos. 15, 16. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms. Sanford Am. Hist. Maps, nos. 26, 27. Histories. Chadwick, Causes of Civil War, chs. ix-xix. - Dodd, Expansion and Conflict, chs xiv, xv. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, chs. i-xiii, xv-xix. — Paxson, Civil War, 20-86, 91-101, 113-144. 159-171 REFERENCES AND QUESTIONS 341 - South in Building of Nation, I-III. - Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 103-106, 108, 112. -- - Sources. Caldwell and Persinger, Source Hist., 452-460. Hart, Contemporaries, IV. §§ 53-74, 102-120; Patriots and Statesmen, V. 261– 305; Source Book, §§ 113-123; Source Readers, IV. §§ 29-61, 74–96. — James, Readings, §§ 86-88. — Johnston, Am. Orations, III. 230-329, IV. 16. Kieffer, Recollections of a Drummer Boy. Side Lights and Stories. Cable, Kincaid's Battery. Civil War Stories retold from St. Nicholas. Eggleston, Rebel's Recollections; Master of Warlock. Forrest, Student Cavaliers (Confederate army). — King, The Iron Brigade. - Otis, With Grant at Vicksburg. - Scollard, Ballads of Am. Bravery, 61-112. - Stoddard, Long Bridge Boy.. Stratemeyer, Defending His Flag. Wallington, Am. Hist. by Am. Poets, II. 68–185. Pictures. Century Co., Battles and Leaders. -Frank Leslie's Weekly. Harper's Weekly. - Miller, Photog. Hist. of the Civil War. - Wilson, Am. People, IV. QUESTIONS (§ 265) 1. How did President Buchanan look on secession? 2. How did South Carolina act? 3 (For an essay). Account of Anderson in Fort Sumter. 4. How was the Confederate States of America formed? (§ 266) 5. What efforts were made to save the Union? 6. Why did the attempt at compromise fail? 7. How did secession affect Congress? (§ 267) 8. When and how was Kansas admitted to the Union? 9. What did the southern people think about secession? 10. Why did some northerners favor secession? 11. What was the main opinion in the North about secession? 12 (For an essay). Was a southern man bound to follow his state if it seceded? (§ 268) 13. What were the main reasons put forward to defend secession? 14. What were the main northern complaints against the South? (§ 269) 15. How did Fort Sumter come to be significant in the quarrel? 16. Why did Lincoln finally decide to hold the fort? 17 (For an essay). Account of the capture of Fort Sumter. 18. How were the border states divided on secession? 19. How did the northern states stand on secession? (§ 270) 20. What was the condition of the United States army and navy in 1861? 21. Why did the South expect to succeed? 22. What gave the North the hope of success? 23 (For an essay). Account of the battle of Bull Run. 24. How were the northern army and navy raised? (§ 271) 25. How were the Confederates pushed back in the West in 1862? 26. How far did the North capture the Mississippi? 27 (For an essay). The fight between the Monitor and Merrimac. 28. What was the result of the campaign against Richmond? 29. What other battles occurred in the East during 1862? (§ 272) 30. How did Grant take Vicksburg? 31. What was the result of the battle of Gettysburg? 32 (For an essay). Pickett's charge. CHAPTER XXV THE PEOPLE DURING THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) 274. Resources of the Sections. The "South" in the spring of 1861 meant the area in the control of the government at Richmond. It lay south of the Confederate military line, which ran from lower Chesapeake Bay through Virginia, Sword and sash worn Civil War Kentucky, and Missouri to the Indian Ter- The sections were unequal also in the means of providing for and transporting soldiers and supplies. The North had the advantage in furnishing muskets, cannons, tents, clothing, and food for the soldiers and the people. The North had 22,000 miles of railroad, and held the interior water route of the Hudson River, Erie Canal, and Great Lakes, and also the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Cairo. The South had 9000 miles of railroad and (till 1862) held the lower Mississippi to its mouth. The North had iron works in New York, by a surgeon in the Pennsylvania, and eastern Ohio; the South had only one large iron works, that at Richmond. The North had shipyards and a great fleet of merchant vessels; the South owned and built few ships. On the face of it the Federal power was from two and a half to three times as strong as the Confederate. It is no wonder THE SOUTHERN STATES 343 that at the beginning the northern people felt confident of success. On the other 275. The Confederate States of America. hand, the South had many natural advantages for making war. The most obvious was a belt of rugged and wooded mountains stretching from the neighborhood of Washington to northern Alabama. The war had to be fought at the two ends of that barrier, and it was almost impossible to cross it with a large army. In public spirit the Confederate government could count on almost the whole southern people, while many peace Democrats in the North were opposed to the war. Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee were loyal to the Union, but their aid was offset by secessionists and Confederate soldiers living in Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. The South could not draw upon the negroes for soldiers; but great numbers went with the armies to drive horses and cook, to build forts and take care of the wounded. Above all they tilled the fields and raised the food for the armies. If the negroes had ever shown any signs of rising and massacring the whites, the southern armies would have had to give up fighting the Union troops and turn back to their own homes; but the slaves showed a strong affection for their masters. Both sides had good material for soldiers. Southern young men were more used to outdoor life and to handling weapons; but it turned out that men from northern towns and cities stood the hardships and dangers of war as well as the farmers' boys. Still, judging by previous wars, it seemed likely that the 2,000,000 men who were first and last enlisted in the northern armies would never be able to subdue the 1,100,000 who were enrolled in the southern armies. 276. Raising Troops. The first need of armies is men. Almost every soldier of the regular army, then 16,000 strong, stood by the Union in 1861, while half the southern officers in that army resigned and joined the Confederacy, including most of the later commanders of armies. New soldiers had to be raised by both sides. Both sides followed the bad example of earlier wars (§ 98) and depended on volunteers or |