"I do not wish to think or speak or write with moderation."

Three sectional groups of abolitionists soon appeared: (1) Garrison organized a national antislavery society, principaily of New England people. He was joined by John G. Whittier, the poet; Charles Sumner, later a Senator; Wendell Phillips, a remarkable orator; Lucretia Mott, a Quakeress; and many others. Garrison went so far as to argue that the North ought to secede from the Union, so as to get away from what he thought was the sin of slavery. His movement was very unpopular, the more so because women joined in the meetings and made speeches.

(2) Some of the abolitionists in the middle states broke away in 1840 and formed a separate antislavery society. Among them was Gerrit Smith of Peterboro, New York, a wealthy man who gave large tracts of land to freed negroes. This group of abolitionists kept up newspapers and meetings of their own, and they stood by the Union, but thought it ought to be a Union free from slavery.

(3) Another group of abolitionists appeared in the West, especially among settlers from New England. The Western Reserve of northern Ohio sent to Congress Joshua R. Gid

dings, who was the first out-and-out abolitionist in Congress. Salmon P. Chase became an abolitionist leader; and in the northern part of Ohio and Indiana, antislavery men became active in the movement.

205. Abolition in Congress. All three groups of abolitionists were quick to see that the best place to attack slavery was in Congress, and about 1836 they began to send in petitions asking Congress to do away with slavery in the District of Columbia. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina became the chief defender of slavery, and he took the ground that “slavery was a good, a positive good," and that for any member of Congress to say it was wrong was an insult to the slaveholders.

Some of the northern members took that view and united with southern members to pass a series of "Gag Resolutions' (1836-1844), under which no antislavery petition could be read or discussed in Congress. Ex-President John Quincy Adams, who had never before been an antislavery man, became the champion of the right of the abolitionists, or anybody else, to hold public meetings, send petitions, and discuss slavery in Congress or outside.

206. Summary. This chapter describes the American people, their numbers, races, and social life, and the system of slavery.

Of the three sections of the United States in 1830, North, South, and West, the North was the most thickly settled, had the greatest wealth and the greatest variety of business. The national population was doubling every twenty-five years, and large cities were growing up. The South included the three classes of free farmers, slaveholders, and poor whites. The West resembled the North. Foreign immigrants began to come in by the thousands, especially Irish, Germans, and Scandinavians.

Some of the old national churches divided and some new ones appeared. Efforts were made by both Catholics and Protestants to spread Christianity to other parts of the world. Many communities, brotherhoods, and fraternal orders were organized. It was a period of reform movements, especially

for temperance and the humane care of prisoners and the insane. The punishment of criminals and offenders was still cruel, and riots and mobs were frequent.

Opportunities for free laborers increased, but the hours were long and many children were employed. The southern labor in the fields and on plantations was done largely by negro slaves. Most of them lived poorly and some of them fell into the hands of cruel overseers or owners.

An antislavery movement arose in the North, led by active abolitionists, especially William Lloyd Garrison. One or two abolitionists appeared in Congress, and John C. Calhoun came forward as the principal defender of slavery. An effort was made by resolutions of Congress to prevent a discussion of the subject in either house.

REFERENCES

Maps. Garrison, Westward Extension. — MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy. — Sanford, Am. Hist. Maps, no. 14. — Smith, Parties and Slavery. Histories. Dodd, Expansion and Conflict, 50-56, 132-146, 161–168, 208-229. Hart, Slavery and Abolition. MacDonald, From Jefferson to Lincoln, ch. iv. - Smith, Parties and Slavery, chs. xix, xx. - Sparks, Expansion of Am. People, chs. xxiv, xxxi-xxxiii. Tappan, England's and America's Literature, 286–363. — Turner, Rise of New West, chs. i-iv. Sources. Caldwell and Persinger, Source Hist., 358, 387-395, 435438, 450. Harding, Select Orations, nos. 16, 17. - Hart, Contemporaries, III. 151-157, 169–184, IV. §§ 23-28; Source Book, §§ 94-101. - James, Readings, §§ 76, 81. — Johnston, Am. Orations, II. 102-122, 219–267. — Old South Leaflets, nos. 78-81, 137-141, 148, 180, 195.

Side Lights and Stories. Bates, Martin Brook. - Cable, Old Creole Days. Carr, Illini (Illinois). — Clemens (Mark Twain), Huckleberry Finn. - Dickens, Am. Notes. - Eggleston, Graysons. Longstreet, Georgia. Sedgwick, Hope Leslie. Smedes, Southern Planter. Tourgée, Button's Inn (Mormons).

Pictures. Mentor, serial nos. 2, 77, 106, 109. — Sparks, Expansion of Am. People. Wilson, Am. People, IV.

QUESTIONS

(§ 196) 1. What were the sections of the Union about 1830? 2. What were the interests and occupations of the North in 1830? 3. What were the conditions and occupations of the South? 4. What were the conditions and occupations of the West?

REFERENCES AND QUESTIONS

257

(§ 197) 5. How fast did the population of the United States increase? 6. What were the principal cities in 1830?

(§ 198) 7. How and why did immigration start up? 8. How were the immigrants distributed? 9 (For an essay). An immigrant voyage.

(§ 199) 10. What churches were brought by the immigrants? 11. How were some of the old churches divided? 12. What was the influence of the evangelists and other ministers? 13. What was the movement for home and foreign missions? 14 (For an essay). Missions to the Sandwich Islands.

(§ 200) 15. How did secret orders and societies grow up? 16. What was the temperance agitation and what did it bring about? 17. What improvement was made in the treatment of the insane? 18. What were the "communities" and how did they succeed? 19 (For an essay). Life at Brook Farm.

(§ 201) 20. What were ordinary punishments for offenders and criminals? 21. How was order kept in the cities? 22. How were the weak and dependent often treated?

(§ 202) 23. What were the occupations, wages, and conditions of wage earners? 24. How were slaves used outside of farm work? 25. Why was slavery profitable?

(§ 203) 26. How did slaves live under usual conditions? 27 (For an essay). On a cotton plantation; or a rice plantation.

(§ 204) 28. What were emancipation and abolition? 29. What was the Garrison group of abolitionists? 30. What was the middle state group? 31. What was the western group? 32 (For an essay). Accounts of abolition meetings.

(§ 205) 33. How did the abolition agitation get into Congress? 34 What were the Gag Resolutions?

HART'S SCH. HIST.- IS

CHAPTER XIX

NEW PARTIES AND POLITICS (1829-1841)

207. Revival of Party Spirit. In 1829 the people in the United States were divided on much the same lines as in 1793 ($144). Part of the voters expected the federal government to be active in opening up the country and aiding the business interests. Another part thought that business men could take care of themselves, or that whatever was necessary for their aid and protection could best be done by the states.

The American "clipper ship" The Guide, built at Salem, Massachusetts. Sailed by Capt. Horace B. Putnam. Clipper ships were much used from 1840 to 1855

The shipowners and manufacturers of the New England and the middle states felt the need of federal laws favorable to their business. Those who were opposed to that policy lived mostly in the farming and planting regions, particularly in the South. The West had so many needs of its own and such a lively spirit that it inclined toward the idea of action by the national government.