triots and Statesmen, III. 327-383 passim, IV. 13-133. — James, Readings, $$ 68, 69. ·Johnston, Am. Orations, II. 33-101. MacDonald, Doc. Source Book, nos. 71-80.

Henty, With

Side Lights and Stories. Chittenden, Am. Fur Trade. Cochrane the Dauntless (Span. Am.). - Thayer, John Marshall. Pictures. Wilson, Am. People, III.

QUESTIONS

(§ 183) 1. What were the principal elements of wealth on American soil? 2. How were raw materials used? 3. What were internal improvements? (See also § 186.) 4. What were the principal lines of foreign trade? 5. How did the vessel owners carry their goods?

(§ 184) 6. What was the tariff of 1816? 7. What was the object of a protective tariff? 8. How did the sections and classes look on the tariff? (§ 185) 9. How were corporations extended? 10. How were banks useful to business? II. What was the second United States Bank?

(§ 186) 12. How was the Erie Canal constructed? Accounts of early voyages on the Erie Canal.

13 (For an essay).

(§ 187) 14. What were the principal roads to the West? 15. What was Gallatin's plan for internal improvements? berland Road constructed?

on the Cumberland Road.

17 (For an essay).

16. How was the CumAccounts of early trips

(§ 188) 18. How was the balance of free and slave states brought about? (See also § 189.) 19. How and when was Indiana admitted to the Union? 20. How and when was Mississippi admitted? 21. How and when was Illinois admitted? 22. How and when was Alabama admitted?

(§ 189) 23. How did opposition to slavery arise?

(§ 190) 24. What were the principal southern crops? 25. What was the cotton gin? 26. Why was cotton a good crop for the South? 27. How were manufactures of cotton established?

(§ 191) 28. Why was there a controversy over making Missouri a slave state? 29. What was the Missouri Compromise?

(§ 192) 30. How did the Russians come into America? 31. What was the Spanish American empire? 32. How was the Spanish power destroyed? 33. What were the race elements in the Spanish American countries? 34. How did the United States look on the new Latin American countries?

(§ 193) 35. How did the United States extend its territory southward? 36. How was the western boundary of Louisiana settled? 37. What was the Holy Alliance? 38. How was England affected? 39. What was the original Monroe Doctrine? 40. What has been its effect?

(§ 194) 41. How did John Quincy Adams become President? 42. How did Andrew Jackson become President?

CHAPTER XVIII

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE (1829-1860)

196. The Three Sections (1830). By 1830 the three sections, North, South, and West (§ 172), had somewhat altered and stood about as follows:

(1) The North included the six New England and four middle states, with 5,500,000 inhabitants. It was much the most thickly settled section, and had the greatest variety of occupations, including most of the foreign trade, shipbuilding, and manufactures. It

was well provided with schools, newspapers, libraries, colleges, and like means of culture.

(2) The South included Florida and the eight states from Maryland to Louisiana, lying on the ocean and gulf; and also the interior states of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mis

Wall Street magnates, about 1835, with the old watchdog of the Manhattan Company, a bank in the city of New York

souri, and the territory of Arkansas. tained about 6,000,000 inhabitants.

Altogether the South con

Villages and towns were

fewer than in the North, for most of the people lived in the open country. About half the land that was tilled in the South belonged to large slaveholding planters.

However, a class of white farmers worked their own land, especially in the border states, lying next to the free states. The "mountain whites" and the " poor whites," who in some states were called "sand hillers," "red necks," or "hill billies," lived mostly on poor land, in the old backwoods fashion, and raised

hardly enough to feed and clothe their families. The South had few manufactures, fisheries, mines, or shipyards; and as the population was scattered it was hard to keep up schools, roads, and other means of civilization.

(3) The West still included parts of New York and Pennsylvania, but consisted chiefly of the states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, to which were later added Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In 1830 this West had 1,500,000 inhabitants. The states on the southwestern frontier felt themselves part of the South, especially because the Mississippi River was

their outlet. The northwesterners also used that river, but they enjoyed in addition a direct route to the Atlantic Ocean through the Erie Canal. Towns and cities grew up rapidly in the Northwest, and in time its timber and coal made it a manufacturing section. The West adopted the northern system of schools and churches, and shared in the northern desire for a protective tariff (§ 184).

States is one of the wonders of the world. From 1790 to 1890 it doubled about every 25 years; there were about 4 millions in 1790, about 8 millions in 1815, 16 millions in 1840, and 32 millions in 1865. Not all the sections grew equally fast. In 1830 the North and West had 7 millions, against 6 millions in the South. This difference was due in part to a larger natural increase in the North, and in part to the foreign immigrants who settled there.

In 1830 only a fourteenth of the people lived in cities; and of this "urban population" about five sixths was in the

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION

247

North. New York was the largest city, with over 240,000 people. Next came Philadelphia and Boston. The largest southern cities were Baltimore (81,000), New Orleans (46,000), Charleston, and St. Louis. The only sizable western city in

1830 was Cincinnati with 25,000. Chicago was a hamlet, and Buffalo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Detroit were still small places.

198. Immigration. The wage earners were increased by immigration, which caused one of the greatest changes in the history of the United States. Immigration from Europe never entirely ceased; and when the figures were first recorded in 1821, it brought 10,000 a year; in 1830 the influx was about 23,000. The voyage from Ireland required only from three to six weeks; and hard times there - especially the famine of 1846 - drove hundreds of thousands of the Irish people to seek new homes over sea. About the same time Germans began to come in large numbers, principally from northern and western Germany.

In 1825 about fifty Scandinavians, called the "Sloop-folk," made a direct voyage in a little vessel. Much later they were followed by thousands from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, who found in Wisconsin and Minnesota a climate something like that of their own countries. Englishmen and Scotchmen easily made homes in America, and shared in the farm life, town life, and church life of the descendants of the English colonists.

These immigrants were a boon to the country. They included thousands of laborers who quickly found employment; for there was work for everybody in clearing the forests, building roads and canals, putting up buildings, and manning ships and factories. Many brought with them new ideas which the country needed, on good roads, on public buildings, on private dwellings, on amusements, on city life, on school and college education, and on politics.

The Irish and part of the Germans preferred the cities, and all the seaports and many of the interior cities soon contained thousands of immigrants. Their influence was little felt in the South, where cities and factories were few and where men who worked with their hands feared that they would be classed with the negro slave laborers.

199. Religion and Churches. The great national church organizations described in an earlier chapter (§ 134) continued; but some new forms of worship were brought in by the immigrants, who were Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish Protestants, German Lutherans, Scotch Free Presbyterians, and other sects. The Catholics, whether English, French, Irish, or German, at once became members of the Catholic Church of the United States.

Some of the old national churches were divided, and many new local sects sprang up. The Presbyterian Church divided into what were called the Old School and the New School; off from the New School split a small antislavery body called the Free Presbyterian Church. The Methodists split, because of the slavery question, into the Methodist Church and the Methodist Church South.

Out on the frontier, emotional religious methods were still popular (§ 181). City churches grew rich, put up handsome buildings, bought organs, stained-glass windows, and parsonages. Evangelists that is, ministers or laymen who spent their lives in trying to arouse people to lead a better life- - went through the country. Many other preachers were famed for their eloquence and were leaders in reform. Among them were Henry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn; Father Taylor, the sailors' preacher of Boston: Charles G. Finney, the western