74. Summary. This chapter is an account of the rivalry and the wars between the Spaniards and Frenchmen on the one side, and the English on the other, especially for the ownership of colonies. It briefly describes four intercolonial wars, and particularly the opening of the West to the English. The English, French, and Spanish colonies all took part in a series of four intercolonial wars at intervals from 1689 to 1763. In all of these wars English colonists looked upon themselves as Englishmen in America. The last of the English colonies, Georgia, was planted in 1732 against the protests of Spain. A struggle between England and France for territory in North America began when the French settled the colony of Louisiana (1699) and connected it with Canada by small forts. The net result of the second war, for England, was that the French gave up their claims to Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia (1713). About 1750 the English began to push across the mountains and claim the Ohio Valley. George Washington was sent out to protest against the French occupation, and took part in the first skirmishes of the French and Indian War (1754). Braddock's fatal campaign was made the following year. Partly by this pushing westward and partly by Wolfe's capture of Quebec in 1759, the English conquered the French possessions on the St. Lawrence and the Lakes and also took that part of Louisiana which lay east of the Mississippi River. By the Proclamation Line the English government tried to keep the colonies from extending westward, but Daniel Boone and others crossed the mountains and began to make western settlements. REFERENCES Maps. Avery, Un. States, III, IV. - Greene, Provincial Am. Shepherd, Hist. Atlas, 190. - Thwaites, France in Am. Histories. Eggleston, Life in 18th Century, chs. iii, v-vii, ix. Fisher, Col. Era, chs. xii-xx. Hasbrouck, Boys' Parkman, chs. vii-x. — Sloane, French War and Rev., chs. v-ix. - Southworth, Builders of Our Country, I. chs. xxi, xxiv, II. chs. iii, xi. - Thwaites, Colonies, §§ 26, 111-117, 120-127, 130. Sources. Caldwell and Persinger, Source Hist., 100-107, 125-148, 154-163. Hart, Contemporaries, II. pt. v; Patriots and Statesmen, I. 149-250; Source Book, §§ 27, 37-40; Source Readers, II. §§ 32-44. James, Readings, §§ 23, 24. - Old South Leaflets, nos. 9, 41, 73, 163, 187. British colonies in 1770 Cooper, Last of the Mohicans (Indians). - Craddock, Old Fort Loudon (Tenn.). - QUESTIONS (§ 63) 1. How and when were England and Scotland united? 2. Why did France and England go to war? (864) 3. How did the English colonists look on the mother country? 4. Why did the colonists join in the wars? 5. What was the Board of Trade? (§ 65) 6. How and when was Georgia founded? 7. How did it prosper? (§ 66) 8. How and when was Louisiana founded? 9. How far did it extend? 10. What towns were founded by the French in the Mississippi Valley? (§ 67) 11. Account of King William's War. 12. What was the Patterson expedition? 13 (For an essay). An account of the Indian raid on Deerfield. 14. How and when did the French begin to yield territory to the English? 15. What was the result of King George's War? (§ 68) 16. What did "the West" mean to the early colonists? 17. What was the first western movement in the middle and southern colonies? 18. How did the Six Nations affect the western movement? 19. How did Englishmen reach the western interior? (§ 69) 20 (For an essay). Account of Bienville's voyage down the Ohio River. 21 (For an essay). Account of George Washington's trip to the frontier. 22. Why and where did ar break out with the French in 1754? (870) 23. Account of the Albany Congress. 24. Why was Braddock's army sent into the West? 25 (For an essay). Account of Braddock's defeat. 26 (For an essay). Was it reasonable to remove the Acadians? (871) 27. How did the English fare in the first part of the French and Indian War? 28. What conquests did the English take from the French? 29. How was North America divided by the treaty of 1763? (§ 72) 30. What was the Proclamation Line? 31. What new British colonies were created? 32. What far western claims had the coast colonies? 33. How did the Indians receive their British masters? (8 73) 34. How was Pittsburgh founded? 35. What efforts were made to organize new colonies in the West? 36 (For an essay). Accounts of Daniel Boone's explorations and adventures. 37. What was the Watauga Association? 38. How did the early westerners live? CHAPTER VII COLONIAL LABOR AND COLONIAL BUSINESS (1689-1763) 75. Three Groups of Colonies. - During the intercolonial wars the existence of three sections in the English colonies was brought out sharply. (1) The four New England colonies New Hampshire, Massachusetts (includ ing Maine and Plymouth), Connecticut, and Rhode Islandwere much alike. All were settled by the English, mostly strict Puritans; all had the same system of towns, each with a common church and a town meeting. All were farming communities, but in addition all had two other pursuits. First, they built ships from the timber growing near the coast, and used them in part for fisheries, and in part for trading. Second, a class of keen business men bought up furs, The old Ladd house in Portsmouth, N. H. An excellent type of colonial three-story dwelling potash, timber, fish, and rum, and shipped them to Europe or to the West Indies. From the profits of the trade they built handsome houses, stores and warehouses, and more ships. (2) The four middle colonies- New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware- had a mixed population, including Germans, Scotch-Irish, and some other European races. Their main occupation was farming, together with lumbering and the raising of cattle, but they all had seaports and shipping. Pennsylvania soon became the richest of the English colonies in North America, and Philadelphia was the largest and most prosperous port. New York was held back because it was so long cut off from connection with the back country by the Iroquois Indians. (3) The five colonies in the southern group - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia — had a social and business life of their own. Many independent white farmers worked their land, just as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut; but much of the land was held in large estates and worked by slaves. Most of these estates had a front on tidewater, and the interior roads were poor. Although the South had several seaport towns such as Baltimore, Norfolk, and Savannah, and one city - Charleston - the southerners did not build or sail their own ships, and had practically no industries except farming and the making of naval stores ($45). Much grain was exported from Virginia and Maryland, tobacco from most of the colonies, and rice and indigo from South Carolina. With the proceeds the people bought luxuries, slaves, and part of their food. 76. A Southern Gentleman. — An interesting southerner of that time was William Byrd, founder of the towns of Richmond and Petersburg, and said to be the richest planter in Virginia. Byrd kept buying land till he had 180,000 acres, and slaves till he owned hundreds. He was fond of books, brought together a library of 3500 volumes, and wrote an interesting book called The History of the Dividing Line. This is an account of his service in running the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina in 1729. Through thick woods and over mountains he pushed his way, finding a few frontiersmen, runaway slaves, and Indians in places where, as he says, the wet ground" was made a fitter Lodging for Tadpoles than Men." He visited the Indians at Notto |