Fox, Charles James, 230, 287.
France, in America, 4, 7, 12; chief
rival of England, 13; advantages in
America, 14; causes of failure, 15,
16; ceases to be an American power,
181-182; earlier influence in Canada
on dependence of England's colonies,
214; alliance with America, 283;
and American territory in Treaty
of Peace in 1783, 289, 290; money
aid in Revolution and after, 324;
French Revolution and American
sympathies, 395; and the American
government, 396-398; in Adams'
administration, 408-411; "war,"
410; Treaty of 1800, 411; troubles
preceding War of 1812, 470-473; in
American Civil War, 686, 690; Na-
poleon III and Mexico, 712 b; and
the World War, 852 ff.

Franchise, colonial, in Plymouth, 69;
in Massachusetts, 95; in Connecti-
cut, 126; in Virginia, 157, 160-162;
Revolutionary State constitutions,
270-272; in Vermont, 273; in early
Western settlements, 298, 302; in
new States in Federalist period, 384
b; extension from 1789 to 1830, 563;
opposition of older statesmen, 564;
results in other political and social
changes, 566. See Woman Suffrage.
Frankland, State of, 303.
Franklin, Benjamin, and first cir-
culating library, 198; and plan for
union, 213; on necessity of obeying
Stamp Act, 233; denies idea of in-
dependence in March, 1775, 258;
and Thomas Paine, 259; in France,
283; and peace negotiations, 287,
289; in Philadelphia Convention,
337, 339; opposes limitation of Fed-
eral franchise, 356.

Free land, and democracy, 442; leg-
islation to get access to, 541, and
see Preemption and Homestead; dis-
appearance, 776.

Free press, denied in early Massa-
chusetts, 102; vindicated in Zenger
trial, 191; see Alien and Sedition
laws; and slavery, 610-612.

Free Silver, 753-757; question passes
away, 769.

Free Soilers, 627.
Freedmen's Bureau, 696.
Fremont, John C., Republican can-
didate, 636; and slavery, 680.
Fries' Rebellion, 412.
Frontenac, 16.

Frontiers, the successive, in Ameri-
can history, 180, 317. See The
West.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 629,
631, 632.

Fulton, Robert, 459.

66

Gadsden, Christopher, 235, 258.
Gadsden Purchase, the, 623.
Gallatin, Albert, 443 note, 447; and
civil service, 448; 'Report of,
456; and Treaty of Ghent, 476;
abolitionist, 609.
Galloway, Joseph, 250.
Garfield, James A., 735, 736.
Garrison, William Lloyd, 608.
Gaspee, the, 140.
General Search Warrants, and
Otis' speech, 216, 217; in Virginia
Bill of Rights, 262; in Federal "Bill
of Rights," 371.
"General welfare," clause in the
Constitution, discussed, 348; used
even by Jeffersonians, 461 a; and
by Calhoun in 1816, 492.
Genêt, French agent, 397.
"Gentlemen" in colonial times, 94.
Geography, influence on American
colonial history, 1-5; influence after
1800, 430.

George, Henry, 803; and Australian
ballot, 824.

George III, and American Revolu-
tion, 229.

Georgia, 187; democratic Revolu-
tionary constitution, 266, 270; and
slavery in Federal Convention, 351
note; and Eleventh amendment,
373; and education in 1800, 441;
nullifies the Supreme Court, 513, 586.
German "Frightfulness," policy
of, in World War, 857.

Germany, immigration from, in colo-
nial period, 179; and after 1848, 684;
which saves Missouri to the Union,
726; and Spanish-American War,
761, 762; and American policy in
China, 771; and Venezuela claims,
772; and the World War, 848-873.
Gerry, Elbridge, opposes democracy
in Federal Convention, 358; opposes
ratification, 343; and Gerrymander,
573.

Gerrymander, 573.

Gettysburg, Battle of, 667, 668.
Ghent, Peace of, 476.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 20.
Gladstone, William E.,

on the

American Constitution, 341; on the
Civil War, 687.
Glavis, Louis, 836.
Gompers, Samuel, 806.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 58, 84, 85,
86.

Gorges, Robert, 58.
Gould, Jay, 750.
Grangers, 782, 783.

Grant, Ulysses S., in Civil War,
669, 670; President, 706; reëlection,
713; corruption under, 714; and
the civil service, 734; attempt at
third term for, 735.

Greeley, Horace, and "protection,"
597; and right of secession, 659;
and election of 1872, 713.
Greenback party, 752.
Greenbacks, see Paper Money.
Grenville, George, 218, 222.

31

finance, 374-378; leak of his plans
and the consequent speculation, 375;
political value of assumption, 377;
and Whisky Rebellion, 378, 379; and
the Bank, 380; and implied powers,
381; and organization of the second
Federalist party, 387; on arbitra-
tion, 406; and the "war" of 1798,
409; and election of 1800, 424 note;
hero of the Federalist period, 425;
on democracy, 426; and secession
plots of 1803, 477; death in duel
with Burr, 477 note.

Hancock, John, and Shays' Rebel-
lion, 328; and ratification of the
Constitution, 361.

Hanna, Mark, 757, 769.

Harlan, Justice, on Income Tax de-
cision, 746; on the Interstate Com-
merce Commission and the Supreme
Court, 785.

Harrison, Benjamin, election, 741;
and the civil service, 742; and for-
eign affairs, 758.
Harrison, William H., and Tippe-
canoe, 488; President, 594, 595.
Hart, Albert Bushnell, quoted on
War of 1812, 471, and passim.
Hartford Convention, the, 479-483.
Harvard, founded, 199; in 1800, 441.
Harvey, Sir George, 45, 46.
Hawaii, 758; annexed, 764.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 556; and
Brook Farm, 558.
Hay, John, 771.

Hayes, Rutherford B., 718, 719;
and the civil service, 734.

Monroe

High Cost of Living, 749.
Holy Alliance, and the
Doctrine, 504.
Homestead law, called for by labor
party in 1830, 541; vetoed by Bu-
chanan, 641; passed in 1862, 677;
and Reconstruction, 695.
Hooker, Thomas, denounces Sepa-
ratists, 109; apostle of democracy,
120, 125; suggests New England
Confederation, 128.

Hoover, Herbert C., 871.
Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, and
importance, 488.

Houston, "Sam," 615.
Huguenots, in America, 179.
Hutchinson, Anne, 117, 118.
Hutchinson, Governor Thomas,
233; house sacked, 236; and Boston
Massacre, 240; and Boston Tea
Party, 247.

Idaho, 726.

| Indiana, Territory, 316; State, 498;
State system of schools, 554.
Indians, east of Mississippi, 6; num-
bers, ib.; influence on European
settlement, 7, 8, 15; and War of
1812, 488.

Industrial development, early co-
lonial, 3, 8; in Virginia, 27, 33, 35,
39-41, 159, 163; in Plymouth, 66–68;
in Massachusetts Bay, 83; eight-
eenth century, 201-208; in 1800, 435–
438; affected by War of 1812, 487;
Industrial Revolution, 527-552; do-
mestic system becomes factory and
capitalist system, 534; and labor
movement, 1825-1837, 527-551; and
mechanical inventions of 1830-1850,
561; and railway, 562; and farm
machinery about 1850, 644; in 1860,
643-648; after 1865, 730; see "Big
Business," Trusts, Labor, Tariffs,
Manufactures.

Industrial panics, see Panics.

Immigration, from the Revolution
to 1812, 486; from 1816 to 1830, ib.;
to 1860, ib. note, and 624; after 1865,
725.

Impeachment, of Justice Pickering,
450; of Justice Chase, 450; of Jus-
tice Archbold, 450 note, 786; of
President Johnson, 705.
"Imperialism" after Spanish-Amer-
ican War, 768; in election of 1900,
769.

Impressment of American sea-
men by England and France, 401,
402, 404, 473 and note; not men-
tioned in Treaty of Ghent, 476.
Imprisonment for debt, see Debt.
Income Tax, of 1862, 673; of 1893,
745; nullified by Supreme Court,
746; and Sixteenth amendment, 811;
and laws of 1913 and 1916, 846; of
1917, 871.

Indentured servants, see Servants.
Independence, see Declaration of
Independence.

Independent Treasury plan, 591.

527-552.

Industry in common, in early Vir-
ginia, 27; in Plymouth, 67.
Initiative, the, in legislation, 827.
Injunction, "Government by,"
811.

Interlocking directorates, 791, 845.
Internal improvements, in Feder-
alist administrations, 454; and Jef-
ferson, 453 ff.; National Road, 455,
491; after War of 1812, 492 ff.; ve-
toes of Madison and Monroe, 492;
and J. Q. Adams, 519; and political
parties, 520.
International law, defined, 400
note; questions at issue, in 1793,
400-403; in 1915-1917, 858 ff.
International Workers of the
World (I. W. W.), 818.
Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion, 784; and Supreme Court, 785;
and Hepburn Act, 786.
Inventions, mechanical, in early
Massachusetts, 83; American genius
for, 442; leading to the Industrial
Revolution, 529-532; in 1830-1850,