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able effects. There appears much probability in the view first proposed by Mr. P. Scrope, that when the barometer is low, and when rain might naturally be expected to fall the diminished pressure of the atmosphere over a wide extent of country might well determine the precise day on which the earth already stretched to the utmost by the subterranean forces, should yield, crack, and consequently tremble. It is however, doubtful how far this idea will explain the circumstance of torrents of rain falling in the dry season during several days after an earthquake, unaccompanied by an eruption. Such cases seem to bespeak some more intimate connections between the atmospheric and subterranean regions.

In the evening, Capt. Fitz Roy and myself were dining with Mr. Edwards, an English resident, well known for his hospitality by all who have visited Coquimbo, when a sharp earthquake happened. I heard the forecoming rumble; but, from the screams of the ladies, the running of the servants, and the rush of several of the gentlemen to the doorway, I could not distinguish the motion. Some of the women afterwards were crying with terror, and one gentleman said he should not be able to sleep all night, or if he did, it would only be to dream of falling houses. The father of this person had lately lost all his property at Talcahuano, and he himself had only just escaped a falling roof at Valparaiso in 1822. He mentioned a curious coincidence which then happened: he was playing at cards, when a German, one of the party, got up, and said he would never sit in a room in these countries with the door shut, as, owing to his having done so, he had nearly lost his life at Copiapo. Accordingly he opened the door; and no sooner had he done this than he cried out, Here it comes again, and the famous shock commenced. The whole party escaped. The danger in an earthquake is not from the time lost in opening a door, but from the chance of its becoming jammed by the movement of the walls.

It is impossible to be much surprised at the fear which natives and old residents, though some of them known to be men of great command of mind, so generally experienced during earthquakes. I think, however, this excess of panic may be partly attributed to a want of habit in governing their fear, as it is not a feeling they are ashamed of. Indeed the natives do not like to see a person indifferent. I heard of two Englishmen who, sleeping in the open air during a smart shock, knowing that there was no danger. did not rise. The natives cried out indignantly, "look at those heretics, they will not even get out of their beds."

VOLCANIC ACTION EXTENSIVE IN ITS

OPERATIONS.

On January the 15th, we sailed from Low's Harbour, and three days afterwards anchored a second time in the bay of S. Carlos in Chiloe. On the night of the 19th, the volcano of Osorno was in action. At midnight the sentry observed something like a large star, which gradually increased in size till about three o'clock, when it presented a very magnificent spectacle. By the aid of a glass, dark objects, in constant Buccession, were seen in the midst of a great glare of red light, to be thrown up and to fall down. The light was sufficient to cast on the water a long bright reflection. Large masses of molten matter seem very commonly to be cast out of the craters in this part of the Cordillera. I was assured, that when the Corcovado is in eruption, great masses are projected upwards and are seen to burst in the air, assuming many fantastical forms, such as trees: their size must be immense, for they can be distinguished from the high land behind S. Carlos, which is no less than ninetythree miles from the Corcovado. In the morning the volcano became tranquil.

I was surprised at hearing afterwards that Aconcague in Chilie, 480 miles northwards, was in action on the same night; and still more surprised to hear that the great eruption of Coseguina, (2700 miles north of Aconcague), accompanied by an earthquake felt over 1000 miles, also occurred within six hours of this same time. This coincidence is the more remarkable, as Coseguina had been dormant for twenty-six years; and Aconcague most rarely shows any signs of action. It is difficult even to conjecture whether this coincidence was accidental, or show some subterranean connection. If Vesuvius, Etna, and Hecla in Iceland, (all three relatively nearer each other than the corresponding points in South America) suddenly

burst forth in eruption on the same night, the coincidence would be thought remarkable; but it is far more remarkable in this case. Where the three vents fall on the same great mountain chain, and where the vast plains along the entire eastern coast and the upraised recent shells along more than 2000 miles on the western coast, shown in how equable and connected a manner the elevatory forces have acted. LAKE OF SALTWATER BECOME A FIELD OF

SALT.

One day I rode to a large salt-lake, or salina, which is distant of fifteen miles from the town. During the winter it consists of a shallow lake of brine, which in Summer is converted into a field of snow white salt. The layer near the margin is from four to five inches thick, but towards the centre its thickness increases. This lake was two and a half miles long, and one broad. Others occur in the neighbourhood many times longer, and with a floor of salt two and three feet in thickness, even when under the water during the winter. One of these brilliantly white and level expanses, in the midst of the brown and desolate plain, offers an extraordinary spectacle. A large quantity of salt is annually drawn from the salina; and great piles, some hundred tons in weight, were lying ready for exportation. The season for working the salinas forms the harvest of Patagones, for on it the prosperity of the place depends. Nearly the whole population encamps on the banks of the river, and the people are employed in drawing out the salt in bullock wagons. This salt is crystallized in great cubes, and is remarkably pure. Mr. Trenham Reeks, has kindly analyzed some for me, and he finds in it only 0.26 of gypsum, and 0.25 of earthy matter. It is a singular fact, that it does not serve so well for preserving meat as sea salt from the Cape de Verd Islands, and a merchant at Buenos Ayres, told me that he considered it is fifty per cent less valuable. Hence the Cape de Verd salt is constantly imported, and is mixed with that from these salinas. The purity of the Patagonian salt or absence from it of those other salina bodies fonnd in all sea water, is the only assignable cause for this inferiority, a conclusion which no one I think, would have suspected, but which is supported by the fact lately ascertained, that those salts answers best for preserving cheese which contain most of the deliquescent chlowdes.

The borders of the lake is formed of mud, and in this numerous large crystals of gypsum, some of which are three inches long lie embedded, whilst on the surface others of sulphate of soda lie scattered about. The Gauchos call the former Padre, del, sal, and the latter the "Madre." They state that these progenitive salts always occur in the borders of the salinas, when the water begins to evaporate. The mud is black and has a feoted odour. I could not at first imagine the cause of this, but I afterwarda perceived that the froth which the wind drifted on shore was coloured green as if by confervae. I attempted to carry home some of this green matter, but from an accident failed. Parts of the lake seen from a short distance appeared of a reddish colour, and this perhaps was owing to some infusorial animalcula. The mud in many places was thrown up by numbers of some kind of worm, or anneliduous animal. How surprising it is that any creatures should be able to exist in brine, and that they should be crawling amongst crystals of sulphate, of soda and lime. And what becomes of these worms when during the long summer, the surface is hardened into a solid layer of salt. Flamingoes in considerable numbers inhabit this lake, and breed here; throughout Patagonia in northern Chile, and at the Galapagos Islands I met with these birds whereever there were lakes of brine. I saw them here wading about in search of food, probably for the worms which burrow in the mud; and these latter probably feed on infusoria an cafervone. Thus we have a little living world within itself adapted to the inland lakes of brine. A minute crustaceous animal (cancer salinus) is said to live in countless numbers in the brine pans at Lymington; but only in those in which the fluid has attained, from evaporation, considerable strength, namely about a quarter of a pound of salt to a pint of water. Well may we affirm that every part of the world is habitable! Whether lakes of brine, or those subterenean ones hidden beneath volcanic mountains warm mineral springs, the wide expanse and depths of the ocean-the upper regions of the atmosphere,

and even the surface of perpetual snow, all support organic beings.

SALINE INCRUSTATIONS.

I have several times alluded to the surface of the ground being incrusted with salt. This phenomenon is quite different from that of the salinas, and more extraordinary. In many parts of South America, where the climate is moderately dry, these incrustation occur; but I have nowhere seen them so abundant as near Bahia Blanca. The salt here and in other parts of Patagonia consists chiefly of sulphate of Soda with some common salt. As long as the ground remains moist in these salitrales as the Spaniards improperly call them. Mistaking this substance for saltpetre nothing is to be seen but an extensive plain composed of a black muddy soil, supporting scattered tufts of these tracts. On returning through one of these tracts, after a weeks hot weather, one is surprised to see square miles of the plain white, as if from a slight fall of snow, here and there heaped up by the wind into little drafts. This latter appearance is chiefly caused by the salts being drawn up during the slow evaporation of the moisture round blades of dead grass, stumps of mud and pieces of broken earth instead of being crystalized at the bottoms of the puddles of water. The salitrales occur either on level tracts, elevated only a few feet above the level of the sea, or on alluvial land bordering rivers. M. Parchappe found that the saline incrustation on the plain, at the distance of some miles from the sea, consisted chiefly of sulphate of soda with only seven per cent of common salt increased to 37 parts of a hundred. This circumstance would tempt one to believe that the sulphate of soda is generally in the soil from the muriate, left on the surface during the slow and recent elevation of this dry country. The whole phenomenon is worthy the attention of naturalists. Have the succulent saltloving plants which are well known to contain much soda, the power of decomposing the muriate? Does the black fetid mud, abounding with organic matter, yield the sulpher and ultimately the sulphuric acid ? A CLOUD OF LOCUSTS.

After over two day's tedious journey, it was refreshing to see in the distance rows of poplars and willows growing round the village and river of Luxan. Shortly before arriving at this place, we observed to the South a ragged cloud of a dark reddish brown color. At first we thought that it was smoke from some great fire on the plains; but we soon found that it was a swarm of locusts. They were flying northward; and, with the aid of a light breeze, they overtook us at the rate of ten or fifteen miles an hour. The main body filled the air from a height of twenty feet to that as it appeared, of two or three thousand above the ground, "and the sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses running to a battle;" or rather I should say like a strong breeze passing through the rigging of a ship. The sky, seen through the advanced guard, appeared like a mezzatinto engraving, but the main body was imperious to sight, they were not however, so thick together but that they could escape a stick waved backwards and forwards. When they alighted they were more numerous than the leaves of the field, and the surface became reddish instead of being green; the swarm having once alighted, the individuals flew from side to side in all directions. Locusts are not an uncommon pest in this country. Already, during this season several small swarms had come up from the South, where, as apparently in all other parts of the world, they are bred in the deserts. The poor cottagers in vain attempted, by lightning fires, by shouts and by waving branches, to avert the attack. This species of locusts closely resembles, and perhaps is identical with the famous Gryllus Migratorius of the East.

SALT PETRE MINES.

At night I slept at the house of the owner of one of the salt-petre mines. The country is here as unproductive as near the coast; but water having rather a bitter and brackish taste, can be procured by diging wells. The well at this house was 36 yards deep, as scarcely any rain falls it is evident the water is not thus derived; indeed if it were it could not fail to be as salt as brine, for the whole surrounding country is incrusted with various saline substauces. We must therefore conclude that it percolates under ground from the Cordillera, though distant many

leagues. In that direction there are a few small villages, where the inhabitants having more water are enabled to irrigate a little land, and raise hay on which the mules and asses employed in carrying the saltpetre are fed. The nitrate of soda was now selling at the ships side at fourteen shillings per hundred pounds; the chief expense is its transport to the sea-coast. The mine consists of a hard stratum between two and three feet thick of the nitrate mingled with a little of the sulphate of soda and a good deal of common salt. It lies close beneath the surface and follows for a length of one hundred and fifty miles the margin of a grand basin or plain. This from its outline, manifestly, must once have been a lake or more probably an inland arm of the sea as may be inferred from the presence of iodic salts in the sea line stratum. The surface of the plain is 3300 feet above the Pacifiic.

TERRIBLE HAIL STORM. September 16th. To the seventh posta at the foot of the Sierra Tapalguen, the country was quite level, with coarse herbage, and a soft peaty soil. The hovel was here remarkably neat, the posts and rafters being made of about a dozen dry thistles-stalks bound together with thongs of hide; and by the support of these ionic-like columns, the roof and sides were thatched with reeds. We were here told a fact, which I would not have credited if I had not had partly ocular proof of it, namely, that during the previous night, hail as large as small apples and extremely hard, had fallen with such violence as to kill the greater number of the wild animals. One of the men had already found thirteen deer (cervus campestris) lying dead, and I saw their fresh hides. Another of the party, a few minutes after my arrival brought seven more. Now I well know that one man without dogs could hardly have killed seven deer in a week. The men believed they had seen about fifteen dead ostriches, part of one of which we had for dinner; and he said that several were running about, evidently blind in one eye. Numbers of small birds, as ducks, hawks and partridges, were killed. I saw one of the latter with a black mark on its back, as if it had been struck with a paving stone. A fence of thistle stalks round the hovel was nearly broken down, and my informer, putting his head out to see what was the matter, received a severe cut, and now wore a bandage. The storm was said to have been of limited extent. We certainly saw from our last night's bivouac, a dense cloud and lightning in this direction. It is marvellous how such strong animals as deer could thus have been killed; but I have no doubt, from the evidence I have given, that the story is not in the least exaggerated. I am glad, however, to have its credibility supported by the jesuit Dobrizhoffer, who was speaking of a country much to the northward, says, hail fell of an enormous size, and killed a vast number of cattle; the Indians hence called the place, Lalegraicavalca, meaning "The little white things." Dr. Malcolmson also informs me, that he witnessed in 1839, in India, a hail storm, which killed numbers of large birds, and much injured the cattle. These hail-stones were flat, and one was ten inches in circumference, and another weighed two ounces; they ploughed up a grand walk like musket balls, and passed through the glass windows, making round holes but not cracking them.

EARTHQUAKE RUINS.

There is also another and very different class of ruins, which possesses some interest, namely, those of old Callao, overwhelmed by the great earthquake of 1746, and its accompanying wave. The destruction must have been more complete even than at Talcahuano. Quantities of shingle almost conceal the foundations of the walls, and vast masses of brickwork appear to have been whirled about like pebbles by the ritiring waves. It has been stated that the land subsided during this memorable shock. I could not discover any proof of this; yet it seems far from improbable, for the form of the coast must certainly have undergone some change since the foundation of the old town, as no people in their senses would willingly have chosen for their building place the narrow spit of shingle on which the ruins now stand since our voyage M. Tschudi has come to the conclusion, by the comparison of old and modern maps, that the coast both north and south of Lima has certainly subsided.

THE POTATO IN ITS NATURAL SOIL GROWING WILD IN THE CHONOS ARCHIPHELAGO ISLANDS.

The wild potatoe grows on these islands in great abundance on the sandy shelly soil near the sea beach. The tallest plant was four feet in height. The tubars were generally small, but I found one of an oval shape two inches in diameter. They resembled in every. respect and had the same smell as English potatoes; but when boiled they shrunk much, and were watery and insipid without any bitter taste. They are undoubtedly here indigenious; they grow as far south. according to Mr. Low, as latitude 50°, and are called Aquinas by the wild Indians of that part: the Chilitan Indians have a different name for them. Professor Henslow, who has examined the dried specimens which I brought home, says, that they are the same with those described by Mr. Sabine from Valparaiso, but they form a variety which by some botanists, has been considered as specifically distinct. It is remarkable that the same plant should be found on the sterile mountains of central Chile, where a drop of rain does not fall for more than six months, and within the damp forests of these Southern Islands.

VIRGINIA CORRESPONDENCE.
December 21, 1846.

E. MERIAM, Esq.

DEAR SIR-I received two numbers of the NewYork Farmer and Mechanic-it is a well conducted journal, and better stored with modern views of things than any similar journal I have read.

The progressive democracy of knowledge has more freedom in your mixed atmosphere than in the Quaker city or the tea city down east.

Your approbation of the new Constitution of NewYork with a strong touch of Radical Whigism, invites both yourself and Spencer to fall in and hold well the reins for guiding the Democratic Phaeton.

The Whigs have the wrong Telescope now as they have had for the last fifty years, with the exception of a few months.

Those that have eyes to see ought to use them. If Congress bring back the boundary to the Neuces River you will soon see an Empire Republic between 24 and 42 degrees from the Gulf to the Pacific, made by the progressive Whigs and Democrats.

The die is cast, and the Rubicon is crossed for attaining commercial supremacy over the assiatic trade.

The interests of twenty millions of people is stronger than when our number was only three millions, and how will it be twenty years hence?

Land, land, wherever the rain falls has been the watch word of the Saxon ancestry for 2,500 years past, and will the young ones now change habits?

The above letter drew from us some remarks under the head of "Comparative Meteorology" on pages 641 and 642 of this series of the Gazette, to which we referred our learned correspondent in a letter we addressed to him.

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Your acceptable favor of January 2d is received, with several newspapers containing your remarks on temperature, &c.

Since the 14th December to the 7th of this month the weather in this region has been remarkably temperate and uniform with light frosts or none at all. The next 42 hours succeeding 2 o'clock P. M. of the 7th the thermometer fell from 74 degrees above to 2 degrees below zero at this place, and 71 to zero at Saltville.

In all the 24 preceding days, the earth copiously sent forth calorifying influences, when as above stated a collapse ensued, during which the ground not only refused to impart heat, but abstracted it from the air, so that in four hours, soft deep mud became so frozen as to sustain a horse and next day loaded waggons. The rocks to day dissolve the snow next their surface especially such as are deeply embeded in the crust of the earth, which I did not so soon expect. In winter the changes commonly occur by seven or by fourteen day periods, while the analogous changes in summer, are 14 to 28 day times, attended by similitudes of vapor and other atmospheric changes. In spring

months 7 days and in the autumnal months 14 and 21 day periods are distinctly marked, and the whole are modified by the position or place of the moon in its orbit; and about the equinoxes the storms and winds from the south west and west materially affect the weather, generally inducing irregularity along the lands drained by the Mississippi River.

In the past year at least 200 days of westerly winds have prevailed in this section and about 26 days of the last 30 days the wind veered to the south west point. I suppose it probable that during the south westerly winds, a strong electro magnetic current set across the Atlantic from the African coast to the Charybean coasts of South America and thence passing into the Gulph and the interior land regions may have caused storms and prepared the exitants of earthquakes which will be developed in February and March next.

The trade winds are not wholly dependent upon the chemical daily influence of the sun, but in part arise from certain reactive forces set in motion by ef forts at equations between tropical and polar general chemical results. The same forces which cause the trade winds partially interrupted expend part of their energy in giving the sea current called the Gulph stream. But much the greater share of those forces entering the land surface of South America penetrate to its volcanic mountains and wending northward through the Isthmus of Panama crosses Mexico and the Rio Grande through Arkansas and arriving this side of the Mississippi river in a zone several hundred miles wide becomes divided. The greater share of these wind and earthquake forces takes a northward course up the Mis-issippi while the remainder turns eastward extending over all the horizontal limestone regions of Kentucky and Middle Tennessee and crossing the Eastern parts of Ohio follows the South shores of Lake Erie and Ontario towards the sea and across it to a junction with the Gulph stream.

But judging by the uniform tracks of Gulph Hurricanes which passing through Mississippi and Arkansas into the western end of Tennessee there divide, part going northward or north eastward and the remainder passing east mounts over the Cumberland mountain and thence advances along the valleys bordering on the Alleghany range, I would infer that the electro magnetic forces pursue the same direction.

In the Indian Ocean the monsoons for six months on this side the Equator blow south easterly, at the same time a countercurrent beyond the Equator blows south westward and during the ensuing six months with a short rest about the change the monsoons come from the north east and beyond the Equator the counter current runs toward the south east. The position of the Mediterranean and Black seas with the arid state of Central Africa and Arabia have much to do with generating the currents from the west, while the Hymalayan mountains and table plains and heated sands of Southern Asia give direction to the monsoon from the Malabar regions while the ocean surface south of the Equator invite the countercurrents.

To keep up these energetic movements of winds, clouds and waters, an incalculable force is constantly warring against the opposing stillness ordered and vainly attempted to be imposed by the attraction of gravitation. Who can estimate the gross amount of such force? The tides on opposite sides of the world at the same time represent the power exerted, and volcanic heavings indicate the mighty efforts for ba lancing and equating these terrene breathings of the chemical world we walk upon and think so stableand motionless.

Now if these positions have foundation in nature you perceive that all their lesser classes of incidents must be no less true, among which all atmospheric or weather variations are embraced. If it be true that tide elevations at the antipodes answer each other in gross, so do also every particle of the waters, although 8000 miles apart, answer one to the other as certainly as the complex atoms of all my hand unite in obeying Admit the intent with which I indite these lines. this to be true and how can it be said that your observations upon swelling and collapsing states of atmospheric temperature indicate nothing? As well might the sceptic say maguetic polarity is accidental and without parentage of multiplied causation. But the march of common sense observation is now, in every Christian land, collecting facts and making inductions which if not examined and rightly connected with existing theories and systems of physical philo

sophy, will overset them, burying their merits with demerits, to the great injury of progressive science. I need not say that I commend your careful attention to such facts as you refer me, in the papers received from you. In my last letter to you I gave the Geological outlines of the inclined fractured edges on the slope of Walker's mountain, extending down to Saltville on the one side, and northwestward I described the slope of sandstone ascending 2700 feet high to the summit of Clynch mountain. The latter is the surface sandstone under which lies the red sandstone, and while the fractured edges of the rocks of Walkers' shew they have been upheaved from a depth of above 4000 feet, the base of the Clynch mountain must, on the Saltville side, have had a corresponding depression else the superstratal sandstone could not in the saliferous bed come into contact with the basal upheaved rocks of Walker's mountain as we now find them. There must have been a disruption along the valley between them, not less than a mile in depth and above a hundred miles long and when the gap received much of the diffractured superior rocks it came together at the valley level crushing and disjointing much massive material. It is the irregular parcels of rocks near this great crevice which seems to have produced some differences of opinions among the numer ous geologists who have inspected the place, but by crossing the valley at several distant places from the summit of one mountain to the other, the true construction can be ascertained and the local irregularities be explained.

I mentioned that here the geological conformation is too low down in the series of rocks for coal to exist. In the superstructure of the Alleghanies and especially in the Cumberland mountain coal abundantly appears. In the Alleghany chain I have seen no granite nor in any range of these mountains not directly attached to the Blue mountain, which overlooks the Atlantic slope from Virginia circling westward toward Vicksburgh. All south and east of the Blue mountains contain old rocks as well as vast formations of recent rocks, but here no rocks above the ancient secondary are found. It is very strongly presumptive that the rock salt here was composed out of saliferous material dissolved from the red and marly beds when broken up about 800 feet under the surface, at the time the present mountains were formed. At the same time also, the Gypsum was made and commingled with it, by very extensive decomposition of adjacent limestone, in heated lakes. After that period much debris was cast upon it, covering up the mammoth or mastodon skeletons under the action of currents from the north west crossing Clynch mountain, at a point 2000 feet higher than Saltville, but, when this last event occurred no considerable diffraction of rocks or changes of valley and hill surfaces occurred. To my mind thousands of proofs exist for one opposed to the belief, that both the early and later general changes of the terrene crust were caused by foreign masses approaching too near the earth to permit its waters to remain as now on the face of the globe. The waters generally were vaporized and subsequently descended to the earth, causing immense floods whilst the equatorial diameter was recovering its lost position.

From the description of the world in Adam's day it is manifest Moses conceived a belt of waters (somewhat like Saturn's rings) composed the waters in the open heavens far above the waters composing the

seas.

Nor is it less plain that in Noah's time he describes those waters as descending upon the earth nor is it improbable that Saturn's thin muddy and watery rings will fall to his body, by the lesser influence of some foreign body which caused the elevation. Under such circumstances volcanic and oceanic action would not remain neutral, but still their results would not be on a scale to form uniform hills and mountains for hundreds and thousands of miles in length, as we now find them. To derange these more enlarged effects is the province of local volcanic and oceanic operations as the surface of all countries attests.

When there is a return of the causes once leaving monuments over all the earth of fiery heats and frozen seas, the rainbow and its concometant seasons will not exist as now and man himself will not then be the witness of terrene things as at the present time. Yours,

Remarks of the Rev. Mr. Colton, Chaplain of the United States Ship Congress made in relation to the effects of the climate of the Western parts of the Con

tinent, bordering the great Pacific, which we have before quoted, were communicated in a letter written by that Gentleman to the Editors of the Journal of Commerce, and by them published in that Journal. Mr. Colton, in that letter written at Valparasio, May 5, 1846, says: The climate of Peru, has a singular effect on the color of the different races-it bleaches the black man into the Mullatto, and bronzes the white man into the Indian. It dwarfs the European in stature in the second and third generation, and deprives him of fire and energy. The native youth, in their boyhood, exhibit intelligence and force, but as they grow up they become feeble in body and irresolute in mind."

I believe it was said in the United States Senate by some member of that intelligent body-that Mexico is destitute of great men. That climate is not congenial to the developement of intellect.

The Rev. Mr. Colton, has, since he penned the letter of May 5, 1846. became a sort of Executive Magistrate, in a City on the Western Coast of America, which was forcibly taken possession of by Captain Stockton, an officer commanding a United States Ship of War in the Pacific

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I beg leave to differ with you in the opinion that the caucasian or white germanic race of mankind will deteriorate after a few generations by habitation upon the Western side of North America. The able work of Dr Lawrence and the truly excellent and elaborate book of our own countryman Dr. Samuel G. Morton upon the characteristics of the various races and constitutions of mankind demonstrate wonderful permanence of organization and intellect. Without commixture of blood, every variety retains distinctive features, for thousands of years, with slight modifications for changes of climate and facilities of subsistence. A few hundred thousand Anglo Saxons occupying the million of square miles beyond the rocky mountains, will within a few generations, humanize the wild savages now roaming like Buffaloes for scanty and insecure sustenance, not by the mere fact of conquest, but by commixture of blood. Not all the Indians of the world, it possessed at once, with the riches and the steam navigation of the Mississippi valley could preserve and much less extend those sources of affluence and power even for the poor term of one or two years. Nor would all the black race, educated as many are, be able by themselves to carry out the expanding energy of the same machinery beyond the term of ten or twenty years. Their social and obedient tempers can imitate, admire and patern after the plans of direct superiors and from an instinctive regard to affairs of one year in advance, they will carefully preserve seeds and plant, cook and weave, yet are mentally incapable of conducting and preserving civilization and its complex appendages.

The late rapid increase of population and the ameliorating processes for advancing the political and social condition of all mankind demand the occupation of all lands and climates adapted to the general good. A few marauding hunters claiming the regions from the Californian Peninsula to Beerings Straits must allow others to add value to the lands and forests and waters, to breath the free air and to open ports and roads adapted to advancing the interests of all.

Whilst all Mexico is destined to be the cumulative reservoir of the free Moorish family of this continent, it is quite as certain that millions of the Tatar, the Chinese and Malayan varieties of men must seek regeneration and christianity along the western wilds of our continent and among the Polynesian fields of the Pacific.

The cheap products by slave labor in Brazil and the United States is an instrument in the hands of an all wise providence, more potent for civilizing and christianizing all the world in a short period to come, than all the ecclesiastic and all the money power of the earth united to effect the same purpose. The tobacco, leather, hats, raw cotton, coffee, sugar, ricecorn and meat yielded by slave labor, under the pestilential air of bounteous soils are supplied to stea, mers of the land and ocean so cheap as to arrest the finger labor of all semicivilised and crowded tribes and nations. Pins, needles, hosiery, blue and checked cottons and all manufactures, spring forth by the enchanted million fingered steam apparatus of a few factories. Every thing of the social or political cha

racter bends before these new and until now untried energies for evil or for good, and doubtless for good these changes are granted by an overruling Providence; yet all these mighty influences would suddenly cease or be immensely interrupted by any great disturbance in the present institutions of Brazil and our own country. All the earth ought at present to guard and protect those institutions as they are. It was the wealth of New England that stocked the South with slaves and it was the uncongeniality of the climate and products in the northern states and not the donations of humanity that liberated those states from slavery. Even now the most humane abolitionist searches after the cheapest cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice and other slave grown products without a compunction for not leaving in some charity liberating box, one stiver, as a conscience offering to humanity. Out of the expansions of commerce agriculture and manufactures, gains are made for building splendid church edifices and bells and orizons chime in the contracted understanding of votaries who glory in their own absolute purity (inglorious arrogance) and send up prayers of indignation against their neighbours.

I have seen much of the Indian, the Negro and the Caucasian White and well know that wherever the latter comes in contact with the former, submission and a protective care or extinction becomes their inevitable doom. In all the adventurous action of the Germanic races of mankind whilst searching the earth for the most commodious homes we find them always selecting rich soils irrigated by great rivers or from regular rains by the clouds; they do not willingly remain in countries of great aridity or requiring irrigation by much hand labor, prefering to fight for better places. It is because of the irregularity of seasons, except in small portions of California, that all the lands beyond the Rocky Mountains and the Rio Grande are all suited to slave products by tillage and no Southerners would ever dream of subjecting those regions to slavery provided their home relations were unmolested by political dragomen of the north. Apart from this danger constantly threatened, there is not and never can be the slightest motive for the extension of slave representation beyond the Rio Grande, yet even there under any future events that can happen, the Caucasian will exercise his dominent sway over the mixed blooded races for ages to come, whether as hunters, shepards graziers sailors, day laborers, or tillers of the soil.

The physical and intellectual endowments and especially the pliability of his constitution to all latitudes enables him to hold supremacy until by admixture of blood his pure cast being lost, new hordes of the Caucasians seeing the defect, step forward and assume the direction of affairs, elevating the mass and again commingling with it. But the commercial appetite of our people for the hoarded gold and silver which it has for ages accumulated in China will impel a long and constant migration and renewal of the pure Germanic blood along the western coasts, so that I judge your apprehensions of the deterioration of the Saxon blood in the west will be as groundless as it has proved according to some French Savans that the races of all animals rapidly deteriorated upon the American contenent."

Within the next twenty years our population will be doubled and the reasons which has within a short period cast into the Mississippi valley ten millions of souls will in no great lapse of years place twenty millions beyond the Rocky Mountains. No country has prospered more than England during the three last centuries and her colonial system is well known to have been the chief means of advancement to all her power.

Even grant that an independent republic will at last exist beyond the Rocky Mountains, is it not of vast moment to rear it up under our tuition, with our language, our principles and our system of trade and manufactures. How else can a proper system of railroads and other interior relations be preserved ?-the occupation of the Western Ports as surely commands the trade of China and of Polynesia and dismantles English marine in that quarter as any event that has not been verified. If a nation will not send forth young hives the parent home must sink and die by reason of its own want of common foresight. The genious of our institutions requires a broad verge for the action of disappointed and pent up spirits. We cannot have standing armies to keep down turbulent migratory spirits.

678

BLOOMINGDALE ROAD.

EXHIBITED

THE STATE CONVENTION,
ON THE REPRESENTATION OF
BURTIS SKIDMORE ESQ., OF NEW-YORK.

SUPERIOR COURT-In the matter of the appli

cation of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonality of City of New-York, relative to opening a certain new street, laid out under and by virtue of an act of the Legislature of the State of New-York, entitled "An Act to lay out a new street in the Twelfth and Sixteenth wards of the city of New York, and to keep open a part of the Bloomingdale Road in said city," passed April 16, 1846.

Take Notice, that the costs and charges in the above entitled matter will be taxed by the Circuit Judge of the First Circuit, at his office, in the City Hall of the city of New-York, on the Twenty-sixth day of September, instant, at nine o'clock in the fore

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SURVEYOR'S BILL, ALLOWED.

This affidavit shows that he is not the same Ewen that was engaged in the other surveys, and that the service has been performed. The other Surveyors certify as to the value of the services.

COMMISSIONERS BILL.

These affidavits state distinctly the service of 148 days of six hours each, and there is nothing against this but surmise, and even that surmise is answered by the fact that they were first appointed in May Term. rendered some service before September, and also rendered service after 20th February, and their Book of Minutes produced before me. shows the particular days.

Room hire is deducted by the Commssioners, the rest allowed as charged.

COLLECTORS FEES, ALLOWED

The amount was not disputed and the Statute is explicit in charging the owners benefitted, the expense of making and collecting the assesment.

Appraisers and Printers Bill, unquestioned.

ATTORNEYS BILL.

This is charged according to the Rev. Stat. which was repealed by the act of 1840, which makes no provision for these services. I confess I had my doubts, still under the act of 1839 the attorney was entitled to a compensation, and the only question was I should be measured. The as to the rate at which law of 1839, and the rule of the Supreme Court adopted thereon contemplated the " Existing laws," that is, the Revenue Statute, as the standard, and as the Superior Court have allowed that rule to stand more than six years since the passage of the act of 1840, I suppose they intend it shall so operate, and I govern myself accordingly.

The clerk is entitled to only 50 cents for entering a rule, whether it is ten or ten hundred folio long. To enter these rules must cost the State $40 or $50 at least, but if they choose to do it for 50 cents, the owners will not complain. That item is deducted.

COUNSEL FEES.

I know nothing about the amount of service rendered or necessary. The counsel for the Corporation makes oath to the correctness of the charges, and thers acquainted with the nature of the business confirm him. Against this, I have nothing but surmise, and to that I cannot yield in opposition to the evidence before me.

BILL OF COSTS AND FEES

In the matter of Widening the Bloomingdale Road from 25th Street to 7th Avenue......feet.

The Commissioners for Widening the
Bloomindale Road from Twenty-
Fifth street to the intersection of
the Seventh Avenue,

To EDWARD EWEN, Dr.

For 193 days' work for self and assistant, in making the necessary surveys, profiles, rule maps, damages maps, and benefit maps, at $4 per day.... $792 00

City and County of New-York, ss. :-I, Edward
Ewen, do solemnly swear, that the above amount of
EDWARD EWEN.
$792, is just and true.

Sworn, at the City of New-York, this
29th May, 1846, before me,
D. M. COWDREY, Commissioner of Deeds,
New-York, April 18. 1846.
Messrs. C. A. Whitney and others,
Commrs. on Bloomindale Road,

86

other publishers having agreed to accept it, we de$218 60 deduct.

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To R. C. Rook, Dr.

1845. May 21.

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John Leveridge, Esq.

Sept 10. 3 qrs. ruled cap Paper,

75

1846.

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Jan. 11.

3qrs. folio post, ruled to pat, 75 2 25

Aprl 17.

2 qrs. foolscap Book,

1 00

44

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1 do. Paper ruled $ cts.

38

6 25

Charles A. Whitney and others, Com'rs, TO JOHN F. TROW & Co. Dr. 1845. May 31.-To 100 Circulars for Commissioners $2.25 Bloomingdale Road,

New-York. August 29, 1845.
Commissioners for Bloomingdale Road,
Messrs. W. P. Hallett and others,

TO MORNING News, Dr. For publishing notice: a new street, $8 60 2 sqrs 20t,

City and County of New-York, ss.: William Burroughs, Jr. being duly sworn, says that he is a clerk in the office of the Morning News, and that the written bill of eight 60-100 dollars is correct and true.

WILLIAM BURROUGHS, Jun. Sworn before me this 1st day of June, 1846. WILLIAM H. GRISWOLD, Com'r of Deeds.

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To the EVENING POST, Dr. 1845. Aug. 7-To adv. Bloomingdale Road, 8.66 2p 20t

8 60

1846. Feb. 20- (legal charge $442.80) 60t 75 00 6.25 2p 11t 6 25 March 2517.20 4f 20t 17 20 April 20

46 44

Legal charge $464.85 agreed upon.

$207 05

On this the

City and County of New-York, ss.: first day of June, 1846, before me came Jas. A. How, who being duly sworn, says that he is the principal clerk in the office of the Evening Post, published in the City of New-York, and that the sum of four hundred and seventy-four dollars 85-100 charged on the other side is the legal charge for said advertisements, but that the sum of two hundred and seven 05-100 is the amount agreed upon with the Commissioners for said advertisements, and that the snm of two hundred and seven 05-100 is correct and true. J. A. How. Sworn before me this 2d day of June, 1846. JULIUS SHERWOOD, Com'r of Deeds. New-York, May 18, 1846.

Commissioners of Estimate, Messrs. Hallett, Leveridge, & Whitney, 1845 To New-York Daily Express, Dr. August 7, 1846. To advertising application to open and widen Bloomingdale road, 1st 20 days notice.

Feb. To advertising that Commissioners had completed their assessment &c. 60 days,

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32 folios, 60 times, $393 60

Chas. A. Whitney,

March 26 April 20

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$417 05

The charges in the bill dated Feb. 20, 1846, was published with an understanding between the Commissioners and the publisher of the News, that the price to be paid shall not exceed that which other offices should agree to publish it for. The Commissioners having settled upon $175, and the

Commissioner of Deeds,

Commissioners.

1846 To the office of the Gazette & Times, Dr.

Feb. 20. To advertising Bloom

ingdale Road, 26 f 60t $442 20

March 20 April 20

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$175 00

24 5t 6 25 4 f 20t $17 20 State of New-York, ss, On the first day of June, 1846, before me, came Henry G. Evans, who being duly sworn says, that he is the publisher of the Gazette and Times a Daily Newspaper, published in the City of New-York, and that the above bill of one hundred and ninety eight 45-100 dollars, is correct according

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1 25

1 25

Do. affidavit of John Turuer as to
notice having been put up and
copy, 75; oath,124; copy of no-
tice to annex, 37:
To posting the first 20 days hand-
bills, daily, for 20 days, and the 60
days' handbills, for 60 days, daily,
making 80 days, at 50-100 per day, 40 00
May Term, 1846.

Motion to confirm report, as amended,
Brief att'y and counsel fee, on motion
to commissioners, same being op-
posed,
The Court overruled the objection,
except as to taxation of costs, and
directed the costs to be taxed, and
confirmation to stand over until
July term, for that purpose.
Do. rule therein, fol. 3 and copy,
Clerk entering rule and for certified

40 00

624

62

3624

3624

1 121

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16 50

One copy for printers to print handbills by,

$3.624

28 28 1 25

33 154

P. of dft. as to commissioners to annex to petition fol. 2, copy and oath, Copy of petition and affidavit to file, 9 68 Motion to appoint commissioners, Brief and fee on motion to appoint commissioners,

87

4 12 Do. of abstract of assessment to file in street commissioner's office, fol. 91 and copy, Copy to file in street commissioner's office,

33 00

34 13

1 12

11 37

37

624

3624

Do. rule appointing commissioners, fol. 67 and copy,

25 12

Counsel perusing and amending,

1 25

Notice to the commissioners of their appointment,

Paid clerk entering rule and for certified copy,

4 82

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12 169 19}

1197 78

1624

1 25

1 25

75

46 741

At the May Term, 1845, F. S. Kinney, Esq., upon affidavit and notice of motion, moved the Court to change a commissioner; brief and fee in opposing motion, The name J. W. Muligan, one of the commissioners, was striken out and W. P. Hallet substituted by the Court.

*

Do. rule for substitution, fol. 2 and copy,

Clerk entering and for certified copy, &c.,

Notice to W. P. Hallet of his appoint

Do affidavit of Elias S. Smith, fol. 2 and copy, 75; and oath, 12; Do. notice for objections, fol. 2 copy, published 21 days,

Do. costs, fol. 22 and copy, Copy for street commissioner's office, and also for taxation, Copy of the bills of other expenses for street commissioner's oflice, and also for taxation,

8 25

5 50

2 87

87

75

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Four copies for printers, at 25 each, 1 00 One copy for printers to print haud

Objections having been made to the estimate and assessment of the commissioners, they amended same. Do. abstract of assessment as amended, fol. 91 and copy, Copy to file in street commissioner's office,

Four copies of notices for 4 newspapers, at 25 each,

Do. notice of first taxation, fol. 2 and copy,

75

1 00

25

53 38

Three copies to put up as handbills, Putting up notices for 14 days, at 50

75

each day,

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Do. of affidavit of John Turner, fol. 2,

34 13

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11 374

45 50

1 50

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Do. notice of amended abstract having been filed, published 20 days, fol. 3 and copy,

Do. affidavits of R. V. Leveridge as to posting, fol. 1, 25; copy, 12}; oath, 12:

50

1 12

388 88

Do. affidavit of services and disbursements for taxation, fol. 3, 75; copy, 37; oath, 12;

1 25

Copy to file,

129 63

150

Three oaths,

37

212

Do. report of commissioners, as amended, fol. 212 and copy, 75.50

These proceedings were vacated, and a new application made.

Copy to file,

26 50

September 4, 1845.

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Drafts to found motion to vacate, fol.

2 and copy,

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Copy of amended abstract, to file in clerk's office,

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11 37

648 37

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Do. affidavit of publication of 60 days' notice for 4 printers, 75 each and copy, fol. 2,

Copy of taxed bill to file with St. Commissioner.

1 25

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Brief and fee on motion, $3.624; do. rule, fol. 2 and copy, 75;

4 37

Clerk entering rule and for certified

Do. of affidavit of George D. Cooper as to notice having been put up 60 days, fol. 2 and copy.

75

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Do. atidavit of John Turner as to notice having been put 60 days, fol. 2 aud copy,

Oath, 121; copy of notice to annex, 4.12;

Do. affidavit of publication of 10 days' notice for 4 printers aud copy, at 75 eacli,

3 00 Do. affidavit of John Turner as to notice having been put up and copy, 75; oath, 121; notice to annex, 25; 1 12} Do. affidavit of publication of 20 days' notice for 4 printers and copy, at 75 each,

Oath. 12; copy of notice to annex, 4.124;

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Paid Printer for hand-bills to be put up 60 days, Printers fees for publishing notice of taxation of costs 14 days, in 4 newspapers $4.95 each notice for 22nd June.

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Do. affidavit of publication fol. 1 and copy,

37

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at 37 each,

1 121

Motion at notice that confirmation

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