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that empire, over which her blood-stained all the gratitude which is due to him who their desperate fortunes by public disflag has waved for more than three cen- risks his life and achieves a triumph for tress, and who sculk as the basest cowards turies, will soon be broken in pieces; his country, and, as in one to whom pub- while they "tread the verge of treason." that an immense mass of human mind lic gratitude is due the public has a deep Assuredly also perseverance in such aswill be emancipated; and that the best interest, (we had almost said, an absolute sociation would render any man deservinterests of humanity will be extensively property,) the feeling excited in the breast edly an object of hatred, and would irvindicated. of all liberal and good men when Lord resistibly compel us to sink all recolThe incalculable commercial advan- Cochrane committed his first unfortunate lections of public desert in sentiments of tages which the independence of Spanish error, was one of violated confidence, of public danger. America would instantly throw open to insulted attachment, of indignant friend- We rejoice, therefore, that Lord CochBritain, are perfectly obvious. We must ship, of almost implicated degradation, rane embarks in the cause of South Amenot, however, permit ourselves to be ac- by the voluntary and thoughtless self-de- rican independence, and that Sir Robert tuated by such motives, where conside- gradation of a man with whom one of Wilson accompanies him. Such strongly rations so much more noble present them- their most honourable achievements was constructed and unquiet minds are necesselves. We feel, therefore, unfeigned re-identified. sary to the progress of human affairs. It spect for the conduct of our ministry in That history will eternally uphold Lord is no less necessary that these energies this, that they sacrifice all peculiar ad- Cochrane's claim to British gratitude, should be expended. Nor can they be vantages to a strict and honorable neu- that she will with one hand identify expended more worthily than in adventrality between the parent state and her him and his countrymen in the record of turing life and fortune for the extension colonies. one brave and brilliant achievement, of the liberties of mankind. Let, then, This honorable neutrality, however, while with the other she throws a dark these brave men remember, that it is in has been imputed, by some, to a love of shadow over the image of their pride-such countries (to use the language of legitimacy of the divine right of kings these are considerations calculated only Machiavelli)" Che, per la povertà, non -of the right of sovereigns to obedience, to increase public regret and to aggravate ti sara impedita la via à qualunque grado, prior to, and independent of, the right of public indignation.-Happily, France, et a qualunque honore."-there "conpeople to protection! Such an imputa- and the friends of France, will blend both sulatus præmium virtutis non sanguinis!" tion is doubtless calumnious. The Bri- in one common hatred: and what Eug- No continental intelligence of much tish Constitution acknowledges no such lishman, in a foreign land, will not then importance has transpired during the rights; and he would be guilty of treason scorn the recollection of a mean and week.-Brussels Papers inform us that who should espouse them, since he would paltry transaction, in order to remember, religious differences no longer prevent the deny the right of our present sovereign to cherish, and to honor the day when people of Flanders from acknowledging to occupy the throne-a right which was Lord Cochrane and his countrymen, in the authority of the sovereign, and that triumphantly established on the wreck of behalf of British rights, bared their the refractory Bishop of Ghent has fled legitimacy and of the divine right of breasts for a dangerous and desperate into France. The Hamburgh mail says kings. encounter?-What Englishman will then that the Session of the Prussian Council The office of mediation between Spain meanly check the thrill of joy, or stifle of State was to be opened towards the and her colonies, has been by some as- the shout of triumph, or withhold un-end of last month, when it would frame signed to our government. Such a sup-measured gratitude to ALL who nerved first a system of finance and then a conposition is absurd. The colonies never their arms, and shed their blood, and stitution for Prussia. The same mail will again submit to Spanish despotism: tore from France the laurel in so fierce gives an imperfect account of a conspiSpain never will voluntarily resign them and brave a combat? racy against the meritorious Crown the power, therefore, which should me- It is, we are convinced, the mixed sen- Prince of Sweden. If the Swedes feel no diate in such a case must conquer either timent which we have here endeavoured gratitude to this man, they are very worthSpain or her colonies; and the British to express, which has so divided public less. Spain and Portugal, say the government is too enlightened to engage opinion with reference to Lord Coch-French Papers, still dispute respecting in the conquest of either. Olivenza. Turkey is threatened_with Nowhere, certainly, is a more interestThe soldier's or the sailor's mind, is an attack from Persia, and has in Egypt ing or more noble scene presented than little calculated to endure the slightest to contend with a rebellious Pacha.in the struggle of the Southern Ameri- degradation, though even it may thought- The United States pay unremitting attencans. With a widely diffused population, lessly or rudely or recklessly have earned tion to the increase of their navy and destitute of proper equipments, and inevi-it. Nurtured in firm opposition, and naval depots. tably deficient in unity of design, they fierce contest, it foolishly identifies diffight under every possible disadvantage. ficulty and danger with proud daring, or Nothing good, however, was ever easily personal duty, and sometimes proves its got. We are therefore no enemies to the courage, as madly as unnecessarily, by war which they wage. It will rouse the plunging deeper in universally deprecated genius of the sluggish colonist and slum-error-deeper even because danger forbering native. bids it.

-Palmam qui meruit ferat!

The notoriety of the proposal of Lord Cochrane to visit these transatlantic scenes, naturally leads us to the following observations respecting him.

As there is no man in Britain who does not owe to the hero of Basque Roads,

rane.

Literary and Scientific Intelligence. The learned Danish Phitologist Rask, is at present at Stockholm: a periodical publication years' residence in Iceland, made himself per"After he has, by nearly a three says of him, fectly acquainted with that Island, with its low smoky apartments, from which came the Gods Assuredly nothing is more lamentable of Walhalla, and having then ascended the snowthan the perversion of such energies; nor of which the hot Mead of Odin was formerly crowned icy mountains, from the warm springs do we more regret any thing than that brewed, he has set out on a new pilgrimage, and Lord Cochrane should, under any cir-will proceed through Sweden and Prussia to cumstances, have subsequently associated himself with men who are Anti-British in every sentiment, who seek to retrieve

Mount Caucasus, there to study the languages Northern languages, and are perhaps derived which have so great a similitude to the old with them from one common source.

The Rev. James Kirton's Secret and True History of the Church of Scotland, from the Restoration to the year 1678, is printing under the superintendence of Mr. C. K. Sharpe, with Notes, and a Memoir of the Author, in a 4to. volume, illustrated by engravings.

Mr. F. Bailey will soon publish a new and enlarged edition of his Chart of History, including the changes of territory occasioned by the late treaty.

The Club, in a dialogue between a father and a son, by James Puckle, is printing from the edition of 1711, with numerous engravings on wood, in royal octavo.

The Fifth Part of Sir William Dugdale's History of St. Paul's Cathedral, with considerable additions, by Henry Ellis, Esq. will be published in a few days; and the Sixth Part, which will complete the work, and contain engravings of all the monuments, is expected to be ready in June.

By accounts in the public papers from St. Petersburgh it appears that Kotzebue has returned to Germany, in order to transmit to the Russian Administration, occasional accounts of the progress of literature and science. It is said that he intends to take his residence in Weimar, where he cannot fail to have sufficient means of literary observation.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED
SOCIETIES.

THE FRENCH INSTITUTE.

To the Editor of the Literary Gazette. Dear Sir,-In a former Number of your Paper, p. 43, I find it stated, that the French Philosophical Class of the Royal Institute have resolved to leave the world in the dark respecting their exertions during the past year. Not knowing whence this statement is derived, I cannot directly controvert it; but I apprehend it to be founded in some mistake, and that this class, like the other classes of that learned body, has been some years in arrear, and must therefore publish several volumes before it comes to the transactions of last year. However, I embrace this opportunity of sending you a sketch (which indeed can not be much more than a table of Contents) of what the Institute has already done, as far as my information reaches, towards bringing up its memoirs to the present time. H. E. L.

MEMOIRS of the ROYAL INSTITUTE of FRANCE. CLASS OF HISTORY and ANCIENT LITERATURE. VOL. 1 and 2.

While obstacles, continually renewed, hindered the pub. lication of its Memoirs, this Class of the Institute did not relax in the assiduous prosecution of the useful labours bequeathed to it by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, to which it succeeded, and whose name, illustrated by such glorious recollections, it has resumed. These obstacles have been at length removed, and two volumes have been published containing a part of the history and the memoirs of this society from its creation to 1811, and will be followed by two others. According to the distinction adopted in the collection of the academy of Belles Lettres, these two volumes are composed of two parts; one containing, under the title of History, faithful extracts from Memoirs, which it has not been judged proper to insert at length, and notices on the lives and works of deceased academicians. The second part, which is the most important, contains entire, those Memoirs to which the Academy has granted this honorable distinction. Both parts are highly interesting.

The first and most important extracts in Vol. 1. are the Researches on the Geography of the Ancients, by M. Gosselin, which complete the long series of the labours of the same author, on all the coasts of the ocean known and

described by the ancients. The coasts here reviewed, are those of the Persian Gulph, Gedrosia, and India, to the remotest point visited by the ancient navigators. Then the western and northern coasts of Europe, i. e. Iberia, Gaul, Germany, the Cimbrian Chersonesus, Scythia, or European Sarmatia, and lastly the British Islands. M. G.'s labours lead to two important and remarkable conclusions: first, that the ancients had methods of observation more cor rect than has been believed; and secondly, that the extent of their geographical knowledge was confined within much narrower limits than have hitherto been allowed. The general map added to this extract, renders this result very striking.

M. Mongez has explained some inscriptions found near Lyons, and has also a dissertation on the theatrical masks

of the ancients.

M. Visconti has restored and explained two Greek inbcriptions.

After these is the inscription of Cyretiæ, discovered by Mr. Leake, who communicated the fac-simile of the original to the Academy.

The History which precedes these Memoirs, is a part of the literary history of our age; of which it will form one of the most curious and interesting ornaments. The memoirs of M. Levesque and M. Larcher, respect. Should the details appear dry to some persons, they will ing the foundation of Rome, are highly interesting and be amply indemnified by M. Dacier's notices on the ingenious-the one denying, the other affirming, the au-academicians deceased during the period, the history of thenticity of the Roman history. The question seems which he writes. The names of David Leroy, D. Poirier undecided between the two learned academicians. M. Bouchaud, Klopstock, the Abbé Garnier, Villoison, excite Levesque's second memoir is equally ingenious and of themselves a degree of interest which their worthy learned: to this M. Larcher has not yet replied; and till historian has increased. But among all these notices, it is completely refuted, we may say with Horace, "Ad- that of Klopstock deserves to be particularly mentioned. huc sub judice lis est." To appreciate justly the beauties and defects of the Germans themselves confess that they have nothing in their own language, upon this subject, equal to the essay of M. Dacier. The learned secretary has taken a larger view of his subject. He has interwoven with it considerations on the nature of the epic in general, and remarks full of ingenuity and taste on the principal epic poems, both ancient and modern, which thus render this essay, equally distinguished by profound thought and elegance of style, one of the most curious and brilliant in this rich collection of the Eloges of M. Dacier.

M. Petit-Radel has a memoir on the foundation of author of the Messias, was of itself a difficult task: the Argos.

Besides the erudite memoir on the foundation of Rome, M. Larcher has two others: one, of 142 pages in 4to., is a dissertation on the Phoenix, a most ingenious, learned, and important essay. The last memoir is to prove, that the haraugue of Demosthenes in answer to the letter of Philip, is not the work of that orator. Though M. Larcher gives reasons enough to render his opinion probable, yet the proofs he has adduced seem either too confined in their own nature, or not sufficiently developed by him. A singular omission, (noticed even by the French critics themselves) is, that though M. L. quotes with praise the dissertation of Markland to prove four Orations of Cicero supposititious, he has not noticed the celebrated dissertation of Bentley on the Letters of Phalaris, which were the first example, and have remained the model of this species of criticism; nor, though most of his arguments seem borrowed from Bentley, does he once mention the name of that distinguished critic.

MEMOIRS of the Class of the MATHEMATICAL and PHYSICAL SCIENCES. 425 pp. 4to. one plate.

This volume printed in 1816, bears the date 1812, but most of the Memoirs are of a much more recent epoch. This highly interesting volume contains-a memoir by M. Poisson on the Vibrations of Elastic Surfaces: a report on the Vaccine, by Mess. Berthollet, Percy, and Hallé : A most interesting and important Memoir of M. Qua- a memoir by M. Gay-Lussac on the Jode: a memoir by tremêre de Quincy raises from its ruins one of the finest M. Ramond on the observations on the Barometer, Thermonuments of Grecian Doric Architecture. The temple mometer, and State of the Air, made for seven successive of Olympian Jupiter at Agrigentum, which has long sub-years at Clermont-Ferrand: a short memoir by M. Palisot sisted only in the records of history, and whose ruins in de Beauvois on Cyperaceous Plants: and three memoirs vain attested its existence on the spot which still exhibits on Light, by M. Biot. This volume is terminated by the them, re-appears here, with its primitive ordonnance, and history of the Class for 1812. The Mathematica! part is in its true proportions. The remaining fragments, com- drawn up by M. Delambre, and the Physical by M. Cu. pared and combined by a skilful and unerring hand, have vier. There are also historical notices concerning Malus served to rebuild it. But this is not all; the Memoir of and Lagrange, by M. Delambre. M. Quatremêre has produced an important revolution in the whole history of Greek architecture.

M. de Sainte-Croix has a long and learned Memoir on the history of the Princes of Caria, particularly Mausolus, and on the fate of the famous monument called after his

name.

The author

OXFORD. The only graduations at the university were those of Bachelor of Divinity, conferred upon Rev. II. Wetherall, of University, grand compounder; and Rev. A. C. Howman, M. A. of Queen's, Cambridge, ad eundem. CAMBRIDGE.-The degree of D. D. has been conferred on Rev. C. Beshell, King's, Dean of Chichester. Honorary degrees of M. A. are granted to Sir T. J. Palmer, Bart. St. John's; Hon. W. Annesley, St. Peter's; and G. W. St. John, Jesus.

M. Silvestre de Sacy has three Memoirs. 1. On three inscriptions of Kirmanschah or Bi-sutoun. who attempted to explain these inscriptions formerly, after a very faulty and defective copy (at that time the only one) having been enabled by new and better copies Incepted M. A. Revs. R. Pretyman, Trinity; H. Wilto correct his former ideas, has with rare modesty ex-kinson, Fellow of St. John's; G. Pearson, do.; J. Bullen, plained the defects of his own work, before giving to the do.; W. Molesworth, of do.; F. W. Lodington, Fellow of public the result of a better investigation. 2. Proposes Clare Hall; T. Shelford, do. Corpus Christi; T. D. Atnumerous rectifications of Arabic inscriptions recorded in kinson, do. Queen's; C. Henley, Pembroke; R. Crawley, Murphy's Travels, and in the Memoirs of the Academy of Fellow of Magdalen; C. Townshend, Emmanuel; and R. the right of landed property in Egypt. This is to be fol- R. Gwatkin, do. St. John's; J. W. Whittaker, do. do.: Sciences at Lisbon. 3. Is a most important Memoir on N. Adams, Sidney; also H. V. Elliot, Fellow of Trinity; lowed by two others which will complete the whole plan. E. Rogers, do. Caius; G. Millet, do. Christ; J. Croft, The author has adopted an antichronological order, de do. do.; W. Cecil, do. Magdalen; and B. Michell, do. siring to ascend from the time when the system of admi. Emmanuel; J. Lodge, C. Ingle, E. Ryan, Trinity. nistration in Egypt is best known to us, to those for Bachelors of Civil Law, Rev. E. B. Vardon, Clare; which the materials are fewer and less accessible. This and Mr. R. Wardell, Trinity. part embraces the period from the conquest of Egypt by Selim I. to the French invasion. The other two parts will complete the history of the right of landed property in Egypt, from the Arabian conquest to the establishment of the Ottoman dominion.

Count Choiseul Gouffier has an elegant Memoir on the crigin of the Thracian Bosphorus.

M. Abbé Garnier has restored to its true author a treatise published among the works of Aristotle. This is a treatise on Rhetoric, very different from that by the philosopher of Stagira, the authenticity of which has never been questioned. This other treatise has come down to us under the title of Rhetoric to Alexander, and is preceded by an epistle to that prince. It being impossible to attribute it to Aristotle, most critics have hitherto ascribed it to Anaximenes of Sampsacus; but M. Garnier has adopted a more probable opinion, that it is by Corax of Syracuse, who gave lessons on oratory in that city before Greece had any celebrated orators. We may therefore flatter ourselves with possessing the original work in which were laid the first foundations of the art of rhetoric, at a period when this word was not even invented.-An enquiry of the same author into some wories of the Stoic Panetius, which have long been lost, is less interesting.

B. A. E. Dodson, Trinity; F. 1). Lempriere, and E. R. Earle, of Christ's.

The election of Foundation Fellows of St. John's has

fallen upon Messrs. T. Salway, W. White, R. Twopeuny, W. Lee, J. T. Austin, H. H. Hughes, Batchelors of Arts of that society.

Mr. B. P. Bell, B. A. of Christ's, has been elected Fellow of that society, on the foundation of Sirs J. Finch, and T. Baines.

Messrs. H. Waddington and F. Goode, of Trinity, are elected scholars on Dr. Bell's foundation.

PORSON PRIZE-The Revs. C. Burney and J. C. Banks, trustees of a certain fund appropriated to the we of the late Professor Porson during his life, have transferred to the University of Cambridge £400 navy 5 per cent. stock, the interest of which is annually to be employed in the purchase of a book or books, to be given to the resident Under graduate who shall make the best translation of a proposed passage in Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Massinger, or Beaumont and Fletcher, into Greek verse.

The passage fixed upon for the present year, is the Se cond Part of l'enry IV. act iii. scene i. beginning with "O! sleep," and ending with "Deny it to a King."

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OR

Journal of Belles Lettres, Politics and Fashion.

NO. XII.

PROGRESS OF THE SCIENCES.

THE NEW THEORY OF THE WORLD;

BY LIEUTENANT-GENERAL ALLIX.

Number.']

[A Plagiarism from an English Work, as will be shown in the first article of our next To Messrs. Ganss, Strohmeyer, and Thiebaut, Members of the Academy of Sciences at Goettingen.

SATURDAY, APRIL 12, 1817.

PRICE 1s.

motion, or which are fixed stars. I de-lit, except light. Light, on the other
monstrate why.
hand, constantly saturates all the bodies
into the composition of which it enters,
but in different proportions, according to
the larger or smaller quantity of caloric.
When the body is simple or elementary,
like the diamond metals, it is so satura-
ted with it, that it reflects or refracts
entirely, and with splendor. When it is
combined with oxygen, it has lost a part
of the light which was combined with it

The moving cause of the heavenly bodies exists in the pressures which the gazzes composing their atmosphere exercise on their surface, and the result of which always passes, as I have already said, to the East of the axis of rotation in the planets, and to the North of the same axis in the comets.

Giessen, March 21, 1817. Gentlemen, I owe it to the learned The gazzes which compose the atmosSociety which has admitted me into its phere of each heavenly body are constantly when it was elementary. Hence result bosom, I owe it particularly to you, Gen-renewed by the decomposition of vegetable differences in the reflection and refrac and animal substances, and of water. The tion of light. Bodies coloured,

tlemen, to inform you first of the publication of a work which I am going to have printed, the title of which is: "On the primitive cause of motion, and of its principal effects in the formation of suns, in the motions of the celestial bodies, the tides, the winds, &c."

When Newton applied Kepler's laws of motion to that of the heavenly bodies, he was obliged to make three suppositions, 1st, that a vacuum exists; 2nd, that the heavenly bodies gravitated to wards each other; 3rd, that they had received a primitive motion according to the tangent of the orbit. I demonstrate the impossibility of a vacuum, and that the celestial bodies, far from attracting repel each other. The system of Newton is therefore false.

appear

and thus colours are only modifications of reflected or refracted light.

result of this is the [production of] hydrogen gaz, which on account of its greater brightness always rises to the The result of all the pressures which higher part of the atmosphere, where it the atmosphere exercises on the enlightindefinitely dilates itself in space. The ened part of the earth, passes 48 minutes limit of this dilatation is the sun for our to the East of the true meridian, while planetary system. The elements of the the result of the pressures which it exerhydrogen gaz, having then, on account cises on the dark part, is always in the of its excessive dilatation, no longer any plane of the same meridian. Hence it reaffinity to each other, separate and re-sults, that at the same time that the flow sume their primitive properties; hence, of the tide takes place at 48 minutes to and from the combustible property of the East of the meridian on (above) the hydrogen gaz, I infer that hydrogen and horizon, it takes place upon the meridian light are one and the same substance; or below the horizon. The flow (tide) is otherwise that hydrogen gaz is composed therefore retarded every day 48 minutes. tion. From the properties of hydrogen noxes and less at the solstices; the tide of caloric and light in a state of combina- These pressures are greater at the equi gaz, and from those of light and caloric, must therefore be greater in the first case To establish the truth of my theory, II infer the constant circulation of these and less in the second. They (the presmake no supposition; I take nature such two substances from the earth to the sun, sures) are not the same at the summer as it is, and such as every body sees it. and from the sun to the earth, and the solstice as at the winter solstice; therefore I demonstrate that the result of all the same for all the other heavenly bodies. the earth must be then at a different disforces which act on the surface of each From this circulation result the pheno-tance from the sun. planet, (I take the earth as the object of mena of vegetation, of animalisation, of The pressures on the surface of the pla demonstration) passes to the East of its the formation of water, and of the decom- nets are in the ratio of their surfaces or centre of gravity, and is found in the position of vegetable and animal sub- of the squares of their radii: the planets plane of its ecliptic, whence results its ro-stances, &c. &c. heep at a greater distance from the sun in tatory movement from West to East, and Light or hydrogen acts in all these proportion as their diameters are greater. its progressive motion from East to phenomena, a part always contrary to The only exception is for those planets West. which have no rotatory motion. I assign the reason in my work. The diameters are therefore as the distances, or the distances as the diameters; or again, the result of all the pressures, in as much as it determines the distance of the planets from the sun, is therefore as therefore as the square of the distances.

I demonstrate that the different motions observed in the heavenly bodies are owing to the position of their centre of gravity in the planets it is nearer the North pole than the South pole; in the comets nearer the West than the East point; in the satellites in the centre of the figure, whence results the difference of their motions.

There may be planets which have no rotatory motion, others which have no

that of caloric; while the latter always
tends to gazefy, light always tends to
solidify: (We presume the writer means
rarify and condense, but we employ his
own terms) it is in the constantly oppo-
site action in the effects of these two sub-
stances that is found the demonstrated
explanation of all the motions in nature.
Light is the attractive force; it is the
vital force, it is the force which solidifies.
Caloric is the repulsive force, it is the
force which decomposes and gazefies.

From the theory which I announce to you, Gentlemen, results with the same certainty, the same clearness, the same simplicity, the explanation of the constant and variable winds, of all the phenomena The most important parts of this new sys-which contains more of it, into one which of the atmosphere, and in short of all tem are those printed in italics: it will, in our contains less. Bodies can never be sa-those which exist in nature. next Number, appear that these are precisely

Caloric always passes from a body

the parts which General Allix has borrowed! turated with it, nor entirely deprived of In the work which I am going to pub

lish, I do not enter into details; I have [ult., and described as so similar to one that
only employed myself in establishing the occurred at the same place on the 5th of
principles, and I may say, they are esta- September, 1814, when several air-stones fell,
blished in such a manner as to leave no appears now to have been actually attended
with the same phenomena. The papers
doubt. Geometry cannot produce a sin- mention, that on the same day, the 18th,
gle proposition better demonstrated.
and at the same hour, about three o'clock in
I authorise, and even request you, the afternoon, several aerolites fell in the
Gentlemen, to publish this letter, by way cantons of Castelmeron and Monclar, in the
of announcing the work in question. I department of the Lot and Garonne.

have the honor to be, &c.

The Lieutenant-General, Member of the Academy of Sciences at Goettingen,

(Signed) ALLIX.

NATURAL CAVERN IN KENTUCKY.

Bath Literary and Philosophical Society.Monday, February 17, Mr. Cranch communicated to the Society the substance of some We have thought it our duty to trans-papers transmitted to him from Dorchester, near Boston in New England, relative to a late this letter from the French as liter-mummy discovered in an immense subterraally as possible.

ASTRONOMY.

SPOTS IN THE SUN.

Augsburg, March 16.-According to the observations of Mr. Stark, the spots in the sun were very numerous this month, as they had been in the two preceding ones. On the 13th there appeared seven large shallows with black openings, the largest of which was in the form of a sickle. Besides these there were 11 spots of a middling size, and 36 smaller spots. The largest of the circular shallows, which was visible this day at noon, at the distance of 6 min. 14 sec. in parts of the sun's diameter, from the western limb of the sun, was above thrice the

diameter of the earth. In this shallow there was

in the middle a large wedge-formed opening, and near this to the West, an elliptical one, within the eastern edge of this shallow, four little spots formed an arch, and between the two openings was observed a bright shining space. Out of this shallow, there were to the East three middle sized spots in the form of a triangle, and over these a large spot with three small ones. A shallow of almost equal size, with a large jagged opening, appeared distant from the sun's northern limb 7 m. 19 s. and half of the sun there appeared further two elliptical shallows with longish crooked openings, and a nearly circular shallow, with a black cir cnlar opening.

from the western 18 m. 34 s. In the eastern

At Carlsruhe, Counsellor Boeckmann observed on the 12th of March 40 spots on the

nean cavern in the State of Kentucky.

The mummy is that of a stout woman nearly six feet in height, though the whole materiel is so intensely dry as to weigh but twenty pounds.

PROGRESS OF THE ARTS.

SWISS AGRICULTURE.

A process, which seems worthy of notice, has for some time past been followed at Meyringen, (in Switzerland,) to employ the fruitful soil washed down by the Alpbach from the Hasliberg, for the purpose of forming plantations on the fragments of rocks. Where the fall of the stream is broken, its waters are conducted into a bason, dug for the purpose, in which the mud or soil is deposited; this is then dug out, and used to form gardens on the bare rock. A poor man, Jacob Immanuel Baumgarten, first advised, in this country, this useful process, by. which, according to the opinion of the Chevalier Fossombrone, the whole draining of the Pontine Marshes may be effected.

POISONOUS QUALITY OF PRUSSIC ACID.

Physicians and Professors of Natural History have lately, with the authority of the King of Wurtemberg, tried the effects of various poisons on camels, bears, and other animals of the Royal Menagerie. From one of these experiments, it is evident that Prussic Acid, when administered in a particular way, becomes one of the most active and dangerous poisons.

NAUTICAL MECHANICS.

It was found in the cavern, at the distance of three miles from its entrance. The figure appeared seated in a sort of rude sarcophagus, composed of five limestone slabs; the fifth stone serving as a cover or entablature to the rest, exactly similar to the ancient cromlechs still extant in various places of the British islands. The knees had been brought close up to the body; the hands were clasped upon the breast; the head, covered with some- M. Locateli, the celebrated mathematician thing like a coronet, was erect; and the of Milan, has just invented a new piece of whole figure was muffled up and covered mechanism, (says a Paris paper,) by means with a number of garments made of wild of which vessels may ascend rivers without hemp and willow bark. Several bags con- the assistance of a steam-engine. The first taining beads, trinkets, and various handi-experiment, which was made on a small boat, craft implements, were lying by the body, completely succeeded. The inventor asserts, with a sort of work-basket, a curious musical that his plan is applicable even to a man of instrument, and a fan made of feathers à la war, and that it will secure her from the Vandyke. danger of shipwreck. The strength of a sufficient to put this machine in motion. single man, or at most that of a horse, is

LITHOGRAPHY.

by 30 feet wide, and for some years past The entrance of the cavern is 40 feet high saltpetre has been made, and oxen worked, as far as two miles within it. A Mr. Ward has recently explored this wonderful cavern The Hamburgh Gazette states, that the to the extent of ten miles. He says, that art of lithography has recently been introafter having proceeded some miles, they as-duced in the offices for the department of cended a vertical chimney-like passage, and foreign affairs in Russia. It is employed for climbing up from one stone to another about 40 feet, they entered at midnight a chamber This beautiful planet has lately, from lo- 1800 feet in circumference, and 150 feet high cality of situation, very rapidly crossed the in the centre! From this chamber they constellation Aries, and is proceeding gradu- proceeded about a mile further, and how ally into Taurus, and will be, May 1, a few much further they might have gone they degrees north of Aldebaran, where it be-knew not. In another chamber which they comes stationary, and will then retrograde traversed, they were presented with a scene

sun's disk.

APPEARANCE OF THE PLANET VENUS.

to which there is at present, perhaps, no pa

circulars addressed to diplomatic agents; and the number of copying clerks has in consequence been considerably diminished.

POLITE LITERATURE.

OF THE MODERN POETS-WALTER SCOTT.
To the Editor of the Literary Gazette.

I now come to the consideration of

westerly, and meet the Sun on the confines rallel in natural history-a single arch of Mr. Scott's works. These were the leaof Taurus and Gemini, May 20, 21. Through solid rock 100 feet high projecting over an ders in that deteriorated style of poetry, the month of April this planet, approaching area of not less than eight acres! From the which has driven back our language to the Earth to within one-third solar distance, observations which they made, they fully all its primitive impurities, and has given will assume the crescent form, and become falcated like the Moon, and if the air be satisfied themselves of this further astonishclear, may be seen with the naked eye in the ing fact, that Green River, a mighty stream us a species of non-descript tale, apparently epic, but in reality a medley parday-time; about two hours behind the Sun, navigable for several hundred miles, must near the middle of the month, it will be necessarily have passed over their heads in taking of the old ballad and the modern three different branches of the cavern. bright enough to cast a shadow at night, and novel. The genius of its inventor, and will be in conjunction with the April new the communication to Mr. Cranch, have quartos of jingle into infinite request: A great many discoveries, it is added in the novelty of the design itself, brought Moon, April 19, between Aldebaran and the Pleiades. been made in Kentucky, which indicate the existence, at some very remote period, of a the prose romance was abandoned, the state of society, arts, and social habits, far Minerva press outwitted, and all ran to more advanced than any of the aboriginal purchase those huge charming volumes, tribes hitherto known have exhibited. which contained cantos instead of chap

AEROLITES.

The explosion lately mentioned to have been heard at Agen, in France, on the 18th

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