out of their charnel-houses, and all shrouded as they are, ushered into the gay world among bloom and glitter.

So much has already been said on this subject, and the incongruity of the innovation is so evident, that shall pass it by, to make way for another, somewhat similar in its nature, and not less destructive of fine and elegant poetry. I mean the use of expletives. Why those veteran supernumeraries should again be brought into the field, I cannot imagine. Neither can I conceive upon what principle of taste, eth and ath and ith are now so commonly made to terminate the present tense, instead of plain letter s. Then we have compound substantives without number-watch-flame, forest-monarch, death-ball, and battle-field.

the days of Bacon rests upon the conclusions of inductive science; and Dr. Spurzheim proposes in his lectures, the same path of experiment and observation to the discovery of truth. As far, however, as we can judge from the printed Syllabus and the introductory lecture, we perceive that the opinions generally entertained in this country, as to the nature and object of this system of Physiognomy, are very inaccurate. The term Craniology by no means embraces it in all its extent.

Dr. S. regretted that Physiognomists had hitherto looked only for external signs, by which to distinguish different characters. Lavater himself, who exhibited so fine a taste in observation, possessed neither anatomical nor physiological knowledge: hence he wrote in fragments; and he Some of the errors which I have enumerated, (and many modestly called himself only a fragment of a Physiognomore remain,) are either the devices of a lazy pen, or of mist; hence too our present want of physiognomical prinone which affects the force and ease of Spencer, Chaucer, ciples. Dr. S. also reprobated the tendency, so injurious and Shakspeare. But the melancholy part of the matter to the progress of Physiognomy, to impute our errors in is, that faults are more easily copied than beauties, and judging of man, to nature, or to the impossibility of knowthat what constitutes a beauty in the prototype, often ing man, rather than to the imperfect state of science and transfers a fault into the imitation. An artist may paint to our own inexperience. a flying bird or a flash of lightning, but he cannot paint their motion. There they remain, stuck in the sky for ever, and the longer we gaze at them, the more we discover, that while the external resemblance is accurate, the internal impulse, which animated the original, is wanting. It were, indeed, most desirable, that our living poets should take pattern only from the spirit and nature of our dead, and avoid all those mimicries which are merely He called the attention of his auditors to the observamechanical. A polished age requires a polished lan- tion of the heads of Idiots from birth, and of men endowed guage, and though the talent of thinking well be far with such transcendant genius as Bacon; and shewed that superior to the art of expressing well, yet the former, as a the proportional size of their foreheads was as one to six social quality, is almost impotent without the latter. We or eight! He also showed that the various intermediate know that the solidity of the diamond is more valuable degrees of talent were accompanied with an intermediate than the polish which it receives; but we likewise know, developement of the forehead. He observed that the head that its intrinsic excellence were useless without its ex-of Buonaparte is quite disproportioned to his body, as was terior brilliancy.

PROGRESS OF THE SCIENCES.

PHYSIOGNOMY.

B.

THE SYSTEM OF DRS. GALL AND SPURZHEIM.The first lecture, introductory to a series upon this curious and interesting subject, was delivered on Tuesday night by Dr. Spurzheim at Cateaton Street.

Dr. S. proved the dependance of all the manifestations of the mind on organization, and exclusively ou the brain, which he enforced by numerous arguments. His fundamental proposition was that without brain the mind never can manifest itself; and he showed that when, in injuries of it, no function is lost, this is owing to all the cerebral parts being double.

the case with Pericles, whose head for that reason was covered by the Grecian sculptors with a helmet.

He called also the attention of artists to the size of the head of Venus de Medici; he maintained that the developement of her forehead is too small, and incompatible even with middling manifestations of the intellect; and he showed that this error originated from the false opinion that there is a fixed proportion between the size of the head and that of the body.

Dr. Gall, the original founder of the system, was, long ago, struck forcibly with the great variety of forms of the He explained, however, that it is impossible to measure human head: he compared them with the differences of the faculties of the mind, either according to the absolute the character; and he found a constant correspondence size of the brain, because elephants and whales have more between the shape of the head and the disposition of the brain than man has; or to the proportion of the brain to mind. He multiplied his observations, and was thus ena- the body, because in this respect the Canary bird and the bled in time to establish certain rules for judging of the Linnet excel man; or according to the proportionate size particular characters of the mind, according as a certain of the brain to the face, or to any other part. He also part of the head was more or less developed. His coad- rejected the facial angle of Camper as insufficient for meajutor dissected the brain in a manner quite new, demon-suring the faculties of the mind, because there is no prostrated the particular organs of which it consisted, and portion between the forehead and the face. shewed the origin of the nerves in a manner quite asto- Dr. S. then proved that the faculties and sentiments had nishing to Auatomists; who notwithstanding their close each their separate organ; and established his doctrine on attention to this part of Anatomy, had never given any this subject by the phenomena of dreams, in which somegood account of the structure of that important organ. times one and sometimes another faculty is awake and acIn an introductory lecture, no more could be expected tive, while others are plunged in the profoundest sleep. than the developement of the general design; and we do not hesitate to say, that the basis at least upon which this system rests, is strictly philosophical. Philosophy since

He next showed that the different organs have external signs on the outside of the head, consisting of the shape and size of its different parts, whereby the Craniologists

can discern the particular turn of the mind. The character, then, varies according to the relative degree of size and activity of the different organs. This is a very important circumstance to know in the education of children, as by ascertaining early the child's particular powers of mind, we may be directed in the choice of a profession for him, and may adapt an education to his wants.

PROGRESS OF THE ARTS.

DISCOVERY IN NAVIGATION.-The French Marine Department is said to have discovered a safe anchorage between Bayonne and Cape Breton: this discovery is most important for the navigation of the dangerous coast of the Landes, where, for 20 leagues, there was no shelter In illustration of these curious and most important prin- for vessels. It is added, that engineers are already employciples, Dr. S. showed the differences in the heads of mu-ed on the necessary works, to insure to mariners the advansicians, poets, painters, mathematicians, &c. He pointed tages of this discovery, the result of which will be equally out the tokens of pride, of vanity, of physical love, and interesting to commerce and to humanity. other sentiments and propensities of the human mind. He NEW MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS.-Several mechademonstrated the parts of the brain in different animals,nical instruments, invented by Messrs. Kaufman (father which correspond with ours, and showed that their pro- and son) of Dresden, at this moment excite the curiosity pensities agreed with ours wherever this correspondence of the people of Brussels. The most remarkable of these existed. It would be uncandid not to say that certainly is an automaton trumpet, which possesses the extraordinary no more striking proof could be adduced in favor of any advantage of producing two distinct simultaneous tones, system. Such facts presented to us by nature are cer- and of executing airs composed in two parts. It, indeed, tainly worthy the examination of every lover of truth and appears surprising that a single sonorous body should be of every intelligent man. capable of producing two different sounds, in a sostenuto There was one fact stated by the learned Lecturer, way, however ingenious may be the methods employed which we conceive to be highly important and consola- for modifying the emission of the air by which the sound tory to the other sex. Man in that proud despotism of is created. The mechanism is perhaps in the body of the trumpet: this is, however, the secret of the inventors. At all events, a curious problem remains to be solved. MEDICINE. The following letter relative to the late experiments on the plague appeared in the Constitutionel of the 24th of February.

intellectual superiority which he has established over his feebler helpmate, is but too apt to triumph in his supremacy; but much to the comfort and respectability of the female sex, it appears from the discoveries of Gall and Spurzheim, that women have longer heads, if not larger ones, than the men; a conclusion which we shrewdly sus- To the Editor-Sir, You stated, in your journal of the pect few will be disposed to controvert. Dr. S., in fact, 16th instant, that Dr. Rosenfeldt, a native of Germany, laid it down as a principle, to which there existed hardly had inoculated himself for the plague at Constantinople, any exceptions, that the skulls of women have a greater after the example of Drs. Valli, of Mantua; and Maclean, proportional developement, or elongation behind, than of Greenwich, near London. I was sorry to observe, that those of the other sex. If this be established, it will be your recollection failed you with regard to this circumas irrational hereafter to lament or condemn certain per-stance; for in mentioning that a German, an Italian, and versities which crabbed husbands and old bachelors are an English physician, had inoculated themselves for the apt to find in the sex, as to repine at any other of those plague, you neglected to state that this example of coufixed dispensations which prevail in the physical world. rage was first given by a Frenchman. This individual was Dr. S., however, answered the objections relative to the Baron Desgeneties, who was Physician in Chief in our Materialism, which are imputed to the new doctrine. He army for eighteen years. In his Medical History of the stated that the faculties indeed are given, and these facul- Army of the East, he has related with great minuteness ties possess a determined nature; but adversaries are and simplicity this operation, with which the whole world wrong in drawing the consequence, that, therefore, their is acquainted. Of this fact, Mr. Editor, I thought it my actions are irresistible. Daily experience and the slight-duty as a Frenchman to inform you.

est consideration show the falsehood of this proposition. As a physician, I can prove, that Drs. Valli and Maclean The power of voluntary motion is given by creation, and were not inoculated for the plague; and, to prevent the depends on the muscles, and without muscles we cannot public being deceived by such assertions, I will relate the walk; yet we are not compelled to walk. Without eyes, facts which come under my knowledge. the mind cannot see external objects; but on this account man is not forced to look at every thing. Dr. S. said, with St. Augustin, "a God in giving the power, did not inflict the necessity." Thus the faculties are given, but our will can alone determine their actions.

Dr. Valli himself informed me, that being at Constantinople at the time when vaccination was generally adopted throughout Europe, he conceived the idea that this useful discovery might prove an effectual remedy for the plague. In the hope of neutralizing the one virus by the other, he The application of this doctrine to education and to the mixed the matter of a pestilential pustule with vaccine treatment of insanity, Dr. S. showed to possess the deep-matter, and with this compound inoculated the little toe est interest. Education he observed may strengthen any of one of his feet. The result of this operation was local faculty by calling forth its activity, or may depress any inflammation, gangrene, and the loss of one or two toes, one by establishing a counteraction. But it can never give which fell away in consequence of mortification: this is a feeling where the organ of that feeling is wanting. On the reason why Dr. Valli walks like a club-footed person. the subject of insanity, he showed that rational and moral He did not carry his experiments further. treatment could never be attained without great attention and study being bestowed on these individual organs of the brain and faculties of the mind.

We now come to Dr. Maclean whom I had the pleasure of seeing last year in Paris. The contagion of the Plague, which he had shortly before had an opportunity of ob

serving, and that of intermitting fevers, were the sub- DISCOVERY of Vases, &c. OF THE ERA PRECEDING jects upon which we conversed. It is true that this Phy- THE BUILDING OF ROME.-ROME. 30th January. A sician has had the plague. He contracted it in the Greek Mr. Carnavale, land owner at Albano, has discovered beHospital at Constantinople, in which he had obtained per-tween Albano and Torre di mezza Via, a number of graves mission to make his experiments; he was not however which contain a great quantity of earthen Vases, Sepulinoculated for that disease. Had he made this experiment chral Urns, and other curiosities, which appear to belong upon himself he would no doubt have informed me of it, to the very ancient era before the building of Rome. and it would besides have been mentioned by Mr. Roquefort in his letter to Mr. Millin, which is inserted in the Encyclopedical Magazine for December 1815, and which relates entirely to the experiments made by Dr. Maclean.

REVIEW OF NEW BOOKS.

HAROLD THE DAUNTLESS, a Poem; by the Author

Having undertaken to reduce to their just standard exaggerated assertions, upon the faith of which may be of the Bridal of Triermain. 12mo. made attempts fatal to the human race, I will take the THE plot of this poem is short and simple. Count liberty of noticing a statement made in the newspapers Witikind, a Danish marauder, having at last abandoned about fifteen months ago, in which it was asserted that his depredatory life, settles in Northumberland, and aposDr. Valli sucked the pretended wounds received by a tatizing from Odin, becomes a convert to the Christian lady from a mad dog. The lady was not bitten; of this faith. For this pious act, the Bishop of St. Cuthbert I am convinced, since I examined the part eighteen hours gives him a grant of lands. His son Harold, a tremendous after the event. This circumstance took place at Capo youth, takes much offence at his apostasy, and in a fit of d'Istria, where I was entrusted with the medical service of rage, quits his castle for ever. Gunnar, a little page, the French military hospitals, in which Dr. Valli was like- follows him, and though as meek and timid, as his master wise employed. This Physician, with the laudable de- is furious and dauntless, adheres to him during all his sign of easing the apprehensions of the lady, sucked the subsequent adventures. These, however, are not partipart upon her leg, which she supposed had been bitten; cularized; but their atrocity is such, that the Chapter of but he took care not to suck the wound received by Com- Durham at length disinherit him of those lands which missary Fantin-des-Odoards, who was walking along with they had formerly granted to his father. We are next the lady, and who was really bitten. In the latter case introduced to a poacher and a witch, his wife, whose Dr. Valli proceeded like a wise and practised Physician; daughter, Metelill, remains uncontaminated by the vocahe opened the wounds, cauterised them, and the Com-tions of her parents. Her great amusement, in fact, is missary recovered. I should however add that the dog making necklaces of red berries. One morning, as she sat escaped into the fields, and that we had no positive proof under a tree, singing a song about a certain Lord William, of his being affected with hydrophobia. she was interrupted by the sudden appearance of Harold,

I have the honor, &c. ADOUART. who declared his intention of marrying her. Her mother CONSTANTINOPLE. Feb. 15.-Mr. Von Rosenfeldt, who Jutta, however, as well as herself, prefers Lord William, had attracted universal attention by the inoculation of the so sets about sundry spells and incantations, which occupy plague, after having happily passed 38 days in the Laza-half a Canto, and end in little or nothing. Harold next retto without any accident, was attacked by the disor-determines to regain his forfeited lands, and at a solemn der on the 39th day, and on the 40th fell a victim to meeting of the Chapter, rushes into the church, demands his exertions in favour of humanity.-(Hague Courant, termine. This time, the good fathers employ in plotting his estates back, and then leaves them a short time to deMarch 5.)

PARIS, March 9.-M. Vassali Eandi and other Italian against his life, and at length inform him, that he must physicians, who have tried during twenty years, on their first give them a proof of his valour, by watching one night own persons the same inoculation, have been more fortu-in the haunted castle of the seven shields. Accordingly, nate, and imagine that they have experienced from it a Harold, attended by his page, Gunnar, sets out on this preservative effect, since they have been able to visit perilous adventure, and meets with a spectre, who gives with impunity for a length of time the pestilential hos-him good advice in galloping metre. He then sees, at a pitals.

ANTIQUITIES.

EXTENDED PLAN OF EXCAVATION AT POMPEII.NAPLES, 31st January. His Majesty proposes to visit in person the operations which are now carrying on at Pompeii under the superintendence of the Chevalier Arditi. The discoveries made there become every day more interesting, and have given rise to projects for the Exhumation of the whole city. His Majesty will be accompanied in this visit by all the foreigners of distinction, and by the Princes who are impatient for this opportunity to gratify their curiosity.

distance, Metelill and Lord William, with a train of friends, in marriage procession. From the cliff where he stands, he hurls a huge rock down upon them, which kills the poacher, and then leaping down himself, he attacks Lord William. Matters had gone hard with this bridegroom, but for his page's interference, who stays his uplifted hand, and reminds him of the spectre's words. He therefore leaves the party, and proceeds to the haunted castle, where he remains that night, and in the morning quits it quite an altered man; as in consequence of a dream, he has resolved on embracing Christianity. Rather unthinkingly, however, he sends his page back to the castle for one of his gloves, and soon after, hearing shrieks, returns thither himself, and finds little Gunnar in the grasp of Odin. Gunnar is extricated, but faints;

and by this circumstance, is discovered to be a Danish maiden, in disguise. Of course Harold falls in love with her on the spot, and the next morning is christened and married.

This little poem, though not without many faults, both of fable and composition, possesses some merit. The character of Harold is well sustained, and the rustic simplicity of Metelill forms an agreeable contrast with it. The page, an evident imitation from the Corsair, is not quite so happy. Her soliloquy, after Harold's departure from his father's castle, is badly managed. The author had determined on keeping his reader ignorant of the page's sex, and so has made her talk to herself as ambiguously about her motives for following her lover, as if she were addressing some other person whom she wished to deceive.

THE FLOWER OF LOVE.

(FROM MELINCOURT.)
"Tis said the rose is Love's own flower,›
Its blush so bright, its thorns so many;
And winter on its bloom has power,

But has not on its sweetness any.
For though young love's ethereal rose
Will droop on age's wintry bosom,
Yet still its faded leaves disclose
The fragrance of their earliest blossom.
But ah! the fragrance lingering there
Is like the sweets that mournful duty
Bestows with sadly-soothing care,

To deck the grave of bloom and beauty.
For when its leaves are shrunk and dry,
Its blush extinct, to kindle never,
That fragrance is but Memory's sigh,
That breathes of pleasures past for ever.
Why did not love the amaranth choose,
That bears no thorns, and cannot perish?
Alas! no sweets its flowers diffuse,

And only sweets Love's life can cherish.
But be the rose and amaranth twined,
And Love, their mingled powers assuming,
Shall round his brows a chaplet bind,
For ever sweet, for ever blooming.

FINE ARTS.

PAINTING.

As for the poetry, it is quite of the Scott School, and even a caricature resemblance. We really caunot endure to see our language, in its present improved state, carried back to the style of less cultivated eras. Those obsolete words and that carelessness of composition, which we can almost bring ourselves to admire in Spencer and the bards of "olden time," because they bear about them the venerable erugo of antiquity, are altogether insupportable in modern authors, because they have only the effect of an artificial mouldiness. It is not sincerity, it is mere mimicry; and A DICTIONARY OF SPANISH PAINTERS, BY M. F. QUILLIET. quité in the taste of a modern ruin. Druidical stones DOES Spain possess a School of Painting? The learned Conshould not be used with bricks hot from the baking; and noiseur, M. de Burtin, in his excellent Treatise on the Knowin the work before us, we are rather startled when we find ledge necessary for an Amateur of Pictures, decides in the negasuch a medley of verbal anachronisms as "eke" and tive," considering that in order to form a School it is requi"barouche," ," "whilome" and " tilbury." site that the style of a great number of masters should be disThe metre, however, has the advantage of not belong-tinguished by some particular character." It is somewhat too severe to require with Mr. Burtin, that a School should necesing to any particular age, nation nor language. Many sarily possess an original character; it is sufficient that it has lines, indeed, are of such peculiar construction, that a given birth to a certain number of masters who may be comjingle at the end, is the only point they possess in common pared to those whom Europe acknowledges to be princes of the with acknowledged metre.

Art.

But these innovations or rather revivals, are the taste Spain, judged according to this principle, may boldly claim of the day. To make poetry, whose fetters are her orna- the honour of possessing a School of Painting. Our amateurs ment, rove wild without a shackle; to furrow her young who is the more deserving of the title of great man, since withare scarcely acquainted with any other master than Murillo, bloom with obsolete wrinkles, to trick her out in fardingale out ever having visited Italy, he acquired his excellent style of and ruff, and distort her natural movements into the hob-drawing and colouring from a close observance of nature. Veble of antiquated affectation-this is the manner in which the poor girl is now-a-days brought up, and this must still continue to be the manner, till some other age shall draw its pen against our modern writers; just as our modern Critics have done against a Pope, a Dryden and

Gray.

a

lasquez, though better educated, was equally attached to a rigorous imitation of nature, and in some particulars has even surpassed Murillo.

The character which these two great men have given to the Spanish School of Painting, consists in a scrupulous and ingenious imitation of nature, combined with vigorous and harnonious colouring, and a taste for design more correct and delicate than that of the Dutch, and less ideal than that of the Italian masters. This character is apparent in the works of all the principal Spanish Painters.

Whatever opinions may be entertained concerning the Spanish School of Painting, the useful researches of M. Quilliet, and the real merit of his work, considered as a Manual for Amateurs and Artists, will no doubt find their due appreciation.

M. Quilliet, however, is not a very practised writer; his aniinated but incorrect style is frequently spoiled by disorder and obscurity. He borrows from Artists expressions which he ought rather to have rendered by paraphrases. For instance, a Painter who successfully imitates flesh, hair, veins, &c. is according to M. Quilliet, a great naturalist! This work is notwithstanding extremely interesting on account of the variety of facts and anecdotes which it contains.

We may here observe, that several of the Kings and Grandees of Spain have carried their admiration of Painting so far

as to become good Artists themselves. One of the descen- Among these monuments, the most remarkable were the triumdants of the Emperor Montezumia holds the first rank among phal cars drawn by four horses. They were frequently dedithese amateurs. Philip IV., who was a weak monarch, not cated to the gods, and constituted one of the finest ornaments only afforded particular attention to Artists, but has left be- of the public buildings. Time and avarice have spared none hind him several estimable pictures. The Infante Don Ga- of them. The remains of that which adorned the theatre at briel de Bourbon, the author of a translation of Sallust, pre- Herculaneum have been ruined by the most blameable negsented to the Academy of Painting two beautiful studies of the ligence, so that only one horse now remains of it, part of Apostles, and on being invited to receive the title of Academi-which too is of modern date, and ill-joined with the antique. cian, he being the youngest, modestly seated himself in the The four horses of gilt copper, which adorn the principal church lowest place. The generosity with which the Spanish Clergy at Venice, are, therefore, one of the most valuable remains of encouraged painting, and all they did to confer personal honour antiquity. Having been conveyed to Paris, some years back, on great Artists, is not generally known. Many Spanish Paint-by the right of the strongest, they have been restored, by a ers were Canons at the period of their death. The register of juster exercise of the same right, to their old place, which they deaths kept by the Cathedral of Cordova says: "On the 26th had occupied for six centuries. Their return has excited the of July 1608, died Signor Paul de Cespedes, Canon of this attention of the Italian literati, and of some men of letters of holy Church of Cordova. The Canons will repeat two masses other nations. Count Leopold Cicognara published an essay for the repose of the soul of this illustrious painter and archi- last year, in which he attempts to prove that these horses are tect, whose great talents have ennobled our Spain." not of Greek origin, but were made at Rome, under Nero. He has adduced various reasons for this opinion, which, however, have been strenuously combated by two writers of great eminence. The one, is Mr. A. W. Schlegel; and the other, Mr. Ribalta, when very young, studied the principles of art at Andrea Mustoxidi, a learned Corcyreau, well known by several Valencia. Here he became enamoured of his master's daughter. works, and the discovery of a valuable fragment of Isocrates. He demanded her in marriage, but was refused on the ground Mr. Schlegel, after a careful examination of Count Cicognara's of want of talent in his profession. Ribalta received from his arguments, concludes, that though they cannot be proved to mistress a promise that she would wait four years until he re- be the work of Lysippus, because no authenticated production turned from Italy, whither he wished to proceed for the sake of of that artist is extant, yet the opinion ascribing them to him finishing his studies. He departed, and carefully studied Ra- is not so absurd as has been represented, and he thinks he has phael, the Carraccis, and in particular Sebastian del Piombo. shown it to be highly probable that this invaluable work, the At the fixed time he returned to his native country with matu- only one of its kind now existing, is by some distinguished rity of talent. He presented himself in the study of his mis-artist, a contemporary of Alexander the Great, or of one of his tress's father having found on the easel a subject already immediate successors.

That original and romantic character which is the common inheritance of artists, assumes among the Spanish painters all the chivalric grandeur which belongs to their nation.

sketched, he finished it and withdrew. His master on returning Mr. Mustoxidi treats his subject in an historical light, and being astonished at the beauty of this rapid work, said to his seems to have proved that these are the horses brought from daughter, "Here is an artist whom I would have you marry the Island of Chios, by Theodosius the younger, to adorn his much rather than that miserable Ribalta." "My father," re-capital; probably in the latter part of his government, after the plied she, "it is Ribalta himself." earthquake in 447; and that they were made while Chios (where they were found) was at the summit of prosperity, and may, therefore, be about twenty-two centuries old. It seems that one of these horses weighs 1750 Venetian pounds, and that the thickness of the metal nowhere exceeds three lines! SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE.

Velasquez painted Admiral Pareja at the moment when this seaman was receiving orders to set sail. The resemblance of the portrait was exact in the extreme. Philip IV., pretending that he fancied the Admiral to be present, addressed the following words to the portrait: "How Pareja; are you not off yet?" And then turning towards the painter, said with infinite grace, "Velasquez, you have deceived me.""

The Chevalier Cicognara has published the second volume The wit of the Castilians, who are so celebrated for grave of his magnificent work, "Storia della Scultura, dal suo inorgimanners, is singularly exercised in laconic jokes and sarcasms.mento in Italia sino al secolo decimo nono;" intended as a No nation possesses so many satirical proverbs; none is so continuation of the works of Winckelman, and D'Agincourt. ready in the invention of nick-names to mortify folly or vice. In the eighth chapter of the first book, the author compares M. Quilliet might probably have collected a far greater number of bons mots, had he not been fearful of swelling his volume to too large a size.

The Spaniards are particularly fond of those little marvellous tales with which the imagination of the Greeks has embellished ancient history. Velez de Arcinialag, in his Treatise on the Animals useful in Medicine, relates the following anecdote: "A superb bearded eagle having been caught and brought alive to the Court, Philip II. ordered Pantoja de la Cruz to paint it. The artist succeeded so well, and produced a picture so full of illusion, that the eagle himself being deceived darted forward to combat with his imaginary adversary, according to the custom of these animals. The eagle was so impetuous in the attack, that no efforts could oppose him, and he tore the picture in pieces."

SCULPTURE,

THE VENETIAN HORSES.

the forms of dress, and the costume of antiquity, with the caprices of modern fashion. He thinks that painting, and still more sculpture, should refuse obedience to these caprices; and that even amongst the ancients the arts did not submit to a faithful observance of the costume as in vogue; but that they had a costume of their own, recognizing no other law of imitation than that of pleasing. He thinks that the imitation of the beautiful being common to all nations and all ages, there must consequently be a universal costume of the beautiful; and this theory leads him to consider the fables of antiquity, and mythological and allegorical personages, as the property of the arts, which should appertain to all the countries which cultivate them.

It would be impossible to follow the historian in his researches concerning the founders of the principal cathedrals in Italy, and the artists who assisted in erecting them. Every where an impartial and judicious criticism dispels the darkness of those remote ages, and combats false or groundless opinious. Jealous of the honor of his countrymen, he shows that there is no proof that the Church of St. Mark, at Venice, was built by

The art of working in brass (or bronze) and copper, was very ancient in Greece. Pliny speaks of 360 statuaries, and affirms that Lysippus alone made 1500 works of this description. The number of such works must, therefore, have been immense. The History of Modern Sculpture from its revival in italy, In the time of Vespasian, Rhodes had still 3000 brazen statues; to the 19th Century, 2 vols. fol. Vol. i. 486 pp. 43 engravings. and many Grecian cities possessed nearly an equal number. Vol. ii. 459 pp. 90 plates.