few pins required from the makers, the frequently noticed division of labour in this particular manufacture could not take place. In those instances alone where the demand is extensive for the produce of any particular kind of labour, can it be greatly subdivided. The constancy of the demand for the produce of labour likewise makes its division more practicable. Were there no purchasers of woollen manufactures except at the season of the year when they are most in use, a great number of persons employed in their fabric would be obliged on the approach of summer to change their occupations. Where many traders are established, who are ready at all times to purchase the produce of labour, with an intention of selling it again to the consumers as they require it; a great deal of time is saved to the farmers and manufacturers, who would otherwise be necessitated to go in search of the buyers of their respective commodities. Such dealers too, who buy with a view to future sale and distribution, are usually more attentive to the preservation of the different articles in which they trade, than farmers and manufacturers can be, whose attention is commonly engaged in a variety of other objects.

In large towns the division of labour can be introduced to a far greater extent than in small villages, because in the former there exists a much more enlarged demand for the produce of labour. A part of the labour of one individual might suffice to produce the whole quantity of any particular commodity

which the inhabitants of a small village had occasion for, and consequently, in order to gain the necessary means of living, he must employ the remainder of his time in some other occupation. As the division of labour is usually practicable to the greatest extent in large towns, workmen are there enabled to supply goods of better quality and at less expense, in particular occupations, than where labour cannot be equally subdivided. When work is better in quality, or more dexterously finished, it will secure a preference among purchasers. They are willing to give an equal, or even a greater price, for the produce of labour in large towns than for what is provided elsewhere of a less desirable quality; and the wages of workmen advance as the demand for the produce of their labour is augmented. Under ordinary circumstances, the price of well finished and of inferior work cannot long continue equal. The best workmanship will secure the best price, and the angmentation of the price of the produce of labour is then appropriated to add to the wages of the workmen who display superior dexterity. An increased rate of wages in the towns attracts many workmen from the country, but the most dexterous alone will readily find employment. The unskilful cannot compete successfully with such as have already acquired that degree of perfection which the subdivision of labour promotes. By subdivision of labour, and consequent augmentation of wages, the increase of population in towns is greatly accelerated.

Even in towns of some magnitude, the employment of people in particular trades must always depend upon circumstances. In towns of commercial importance, for example, there may be room for the trade of a broker, who is the medium of intercourse between the seller and the buyer of goods in large quantities. At Manchester there are many brokers engaged in finding purchasers of the raw material of cotton wool, as well as in buying the calicoes when manufactured. At Liverpool there are yet a greater number of brokers, who facilitate the sales as well of cotton wool as of other foreign productions. Owing to the great extent of their business, several have acquired considerable wealth by the moderate remuneration of ten shillings on every hundred pounds of the value, from the buyer and seller of goods. There is no employment, probably, for even one such broker at Dover or at Portsmouth, as well as in several other towns of equal population.

Notwithstanding the extensive business of the merchants of Liverpool with others resident abroad, there is not sufficient employment even in that town adequate to the maintenance of an exchange broker, that is, of one who negociates the purchase and sale of bills of exchange, drawn upon mercantile establishments in foreign countries. London being by far the most extensive market for these bills, has attracted to itself the whole business of foreign exchanges in Great Britair With the most

trivial exception, all the bills drawn in this country, and even in Ireland, upon merchants out of the United Kingdom, are transmitted to London for negociation. Here there are many exchangebrokers, who have no other pursuit than the negociation of bills. Should there exist such a business in a country town, although it were of no small commercial importance, a broker would necessarily be obliged to make a considerable charge for his trouble, in order to gain a livelihood by a trade of so limited an extent: in London, a broker is adequately remunerated by his moderate and customary charge of two shillings on the hundred pounds, which he receives from the buyer and seller of the bills. The remuneration of discount brokers is yet far more moderate. Did no brokers of any kind exist, a great part of a merchant's time must be occupied in finding out the parties inclined to buy what he wanted to dispose of, or to sell what he desired to purchase: but as both buyers and sellers now apply to brokers, and acquaint them with the terms upon which they are willing to treat, a great part of the merchant's time is saved; each other's wants are more readily and more accurately ascertained, and all mercantile transactions are in consequence much facilitated.

In particular employments too, the division of labour can be carried to a much greater extent than in others in manufactures, for example, than in

agriculture, and in some kinds of manufacture more than in others. Although the improvements in the productive powers of labour have been carried to a far greater extent in manufactures than in agriculture, yet in consequence of improvements in one branch of industry, an important benefit has resulted to all employed in both pursuits. In the progress of improvement, the agriculturists obtained in exchange for the same quantity of the produce of the soil an increased quantity of manufactures. In like manner the manufacturers, after allotting a sufficiency of the produce of their industry to procure those necessaries of life which they required, were further enabled to consume a greater portion than formerly of the produce of the labour of each other. Considered in another point of view, the improvements in manufactures have led to others in agriculture: a few enterprising men who are successful in one pursuit, will commonly excite a general emulation among the other members of society, and consequently all branches of industry receive an impulse which is attended with the most beneficial results to the community.

It would appear that the division of labour can be introduced in some degree into the practice of agriculture, and that even in it the effects of the want of a due distribution of employments are evident to the accurate observer. In Mr. Jacob's work, before mentioned, as treating of the agriculture of Germany, &c. he states, when