bleo, colour. blæc, black. bonda, a husband. bræchme, noise. brid, a bride. brucan, to use. brym, the sea. bod, a precept. bade, he commands.} bord, a table. borian, to bore. dæma, a judge. blandet, to mix. blaw, blue. blekk, black. bond, a husband. brakkohem, noise. brudes, a bride. brukot, to use. broun, } } the sea. buda, a precept. buorde, a table. baret, to bore. bargal, a merchant. bank, a bench. daktar, daughter. deuras, dear. did, a custom. dobmar, a judge. dobmo, judgment. duwo, a dove. eik, an oak. ekewe, eternal. falske, false. fang, a captive. faro, emigration. fatte, the stomach of animals used as vessels for liquor. fauro, fair. Lapland. fedo, nutriment. {fedo, nutriment. fegen, rejoicing. grase, grass. gulle, gold. heiwe, the look. hakkatet, to kill. THERE are many more affinities besides these between the Lapland and the Anglo-Saxon, which I omit, that I may not overburthen the attention of the reader. As the Laplandic is a branch of the Hunnish stock, which came latest into Europe, its affinities with the Saxon indicate a consanguinity from primeval ancestry which concurs with the rest to corroborate the ideas before mentioned of the original unity and subsequent dispersion of mankind. CHAP. APPENDIX. No. II. Money of the ANGLO-SAXONS. THE payments mentioned in Domesday-book are stated in pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings, exactly as our pecuniary calculations are now made. Twenty shillings constitute a pound, and a shilling is composed of twelve pence. The same computation occurs elsewhere. Elfric, in his translation of Exodus1, adds, of his own authority, "They are twelve scythinga of twelve pennies;" and in the monies mentioned in the Historia Eliensis, edited by Gale, we find numerous passages which ascertain that a pound consisted of twenty shillings. Thus, three hides were sold by a lady to an abbot for a hundred shillings each. The owner is afterwards said to have come to receive the fifteen pounds. When seven pounds and a half only had been paid, the ealdorman asked the abbot to give the lady more of her purchase money. At his request the abbot gave thirty shillings more; thus, it is added, he paid her nine pounds. On another occasion the money agreed for was thirty pounds. One hundred shillings were received, and twenty-five pounds were declared to remain due. 2 THE Saxon money was sometimes reckoned by pennies, as the French money is now by livres. Thus, in one charta, three plough-lands are conveyed for three thousand pennies. In another, eighty acres were bought for three hundred and eighty-five pennies. In another one thousand four hundred and fifty pennies occur. 3 THE name for money, which is oftenest met with in the 1 Chap. xxi. 10. 2 3 Gale, Script. p. 473. and see 485. 488. 3 Astle's MS. Chart. Nos. 7.22.28. charters, is the mancus. one curious passage of Elfric: he says, five pennies make one shilling, and thirty pennies one mancus. 4 This would make the mancus six shillings. The passage in the laws of Henry the First intimates the same. Two passages in the Anglo-Saxon laws seem to confirm Elfric's account of the mancus being thirty pennies; for an ox is valued at a mancus in one, and at thirty-pence in another. On this kind of money we have BUT there is an apparent contradiction in five pennies making a shilling, if twelve pennies amounted to the same sum. The objection would be unanswerable, but that, by the laws of Alfred, it is clear that there were two sorts of pennies, the greater and the less; for the violation of a man's borg was to be compensated by five pounds, mærra peninga, of the larger pennies.7 THE mark is sometimes mentioned; this was half a pound, according to the authors cited by Du Fresne; it is stated to be eight ounces by Aventinus. 9 THE money mentioned in our earliest law consists of shillings, and a minor sum called scætta. In the laws of Ina, the pening occurs, and the pund as a weight. In those of Alfred the pund appears as a quantity of money, as well as the shilling and the penny; but the shilling is the usual notation of his pecuniary punishments. In his treaty with the Danes, the half-mark of gold, and the mancus, are the names of the money; as is the ora in the Danish compact with Edward. In the laws of Athelstan, we find the thrymsa, as well as the shilling and the penny; the scatta and the pund. The shilling, the penny, and the pound, appear under Edgar. The ora and the healfmarc pervade the Northumbrian laws. In the time of Ethelred, the pound is frequently the amount of the money 4 Hickes, Diss. Ep. 109. and Wan. Cat. MS. 113. 5 Debent reddi secundum legem triginta solidi ad Manbotam, id est, hodie 5 mancæ. Wilk. p. 265. So p. 249. 6 Wilk. p. 66. and 126. Yet this passage is not decisive, because the other accompanying valuations do not correspond. 7 Ibid. 35. 9 Ann Boi. lib. vi. p. 524. 8 Du Fresne, Gloss. ii. p. 437. |