"This difference is certainly very remarkable, and it is so well known to all the surgeons of the British army, as a constant occurrence, that there is no longer among them any doubt on the subject; and the following statement of operations performed on officers and soldiers, in consequence of the battle of Toulouse, will probably be even more satisfactory; as the medical duties, both in the field on the day of action, and in the hospitals afterwards, until the final evacuation of Toulouse, were more immediately under my observation and control.

"PRIMARY OPERATIONS in the FIELD of BATTLE.

"Of the eight that died of amputation of the lower extremity, three were shortly after the operation, which was performed as high as possible in the thigh by the circular incision.

"SECONDARY OF DELAYED OPERATIONS in GENERAL HOSPITAL.

Discharged, cured, or considered out of dan ger when transferred from Toulouse

By early amputation, in addition to the many advantages re sulting from the operation, the injurious effects of crowded hospitals are in a great degree diminished. We are convinced that the benefits of this plan might be increased, by encamping a large portion of the wounded, when circumstances permit, near the scene of action. This might well have been done after the battle of Waterloo, the season being favorable to the experi ment, and the victory so complete, as entirely to do away all risk of the field becoming again the scene of contention. We have no doubt but that the mortality would thus have been greatly diminished. For, although a considerable portion of the wounded recovered rapidly, it is a fact, that many of those who were obliged to remain several weeks in the hospitals at Brus sels, fell victims to fever; and that almost all the operations which were performed at a late period proved fatal. Now this mortality arose, not from the nature of the injury, or from any want of skill or attention, but from the contaminated atmosphere, and the diseased habits always produced by a large num

ber of wounded and unhealthy objects being crowded together. We do not speak this in the spirit of reproach. In this country abuses are always corrected by slow degrees. But when the injurious effects of a practice are so glaring as in the instance before us, the discontinuance of it becomes an imperious duty. On this subject we purpose to speak more at large hereafter.

It was hardly necessary for the instruction of the British surgeon to dilate on the advantages resulting from an attempt to heal wounds by the first intention; but as the author frequently alludes to the opinion of foreign writers, and as this volume will doubtless become a work of standard authority on the conti nent, diffuseness on this point is not an act of supererogation.

It is a fact, that from the adoption of contrary practice, the wounded French have been, beyond all proportion, longer in recovering under their own surgeons than under ours-so much so, that at Vittoria it became necessary at the end of several weeks to take those who survived, from the care of their own surgeons, and place them under the superintendance of the English. We shall not attempt to follow the author through the description of particular amputations, but refer the professional reader to the work, in every page of which he will find useful information.

Mr. Guthrie has deserved well of humanity by establishing, as he has done, the propriety and success of amputation at the hip joint. But here we must caution the young surgeon not to be led away by the éclat of operative surgery, so as to neglect the more numerous, though less conspicuous, duties of his department-duties more, important, because far more frequently required. It is, indeed, to be lamented, that young men at public hospitals are apt to overlook the medical treatment, and to fancy that a proficiency in anatomy and surgery constitutes the whole knowledge of an accomplished practitioner. From this cause it has happened that the therapeutic treatment is at this moment much neglected in army practice-a circumstance which we have heard surgeons confess and lament. In this particular Mr. Guthrie's work will prove a corrective, as it furnishes many proofs of highly judicious medical treatment, and of the confidence he occasionally reposed in it.

The work is not without a few faults. But they are of little moment, and can easily be corrected in a future edition. The table of sick and wounded is unsatisfactory from the want of returns of the whole army; and the lists of sick in the hospitals appear immense, from the author's having omitted to note the number of times each patient was admitted.

ART. XIII-A New Conspiracy against the Jesuits detected and briefly exposed; with a short Account of their Institute; and Observations on the Danger of Systems of Education independent of Religion. By R. C. DALLAS, Esq. 8vo. London. Ridgway. 1815.

WHY Mr. Dallas should give this title to his book is more

than we can well conceive. We have heard of no new conspiracy against the Jesuits, nor does he tell us of any in these pages. It would be absurd to suppose that he alludes to the Voltairian school of theists and atheists, who have for so many years been resting from their labors. He cannot surely mean that those members of our parliament who oppose the unbounded claims of the Irish Roman Catholics, or that the sovereigns of Europe and their ministers, who lately sat in congress at Vienna, are conspirators against the Jesuits. After saying everything else, he gives us the following passage, from which it would appear that Sir John Coxe Hippisley, and somebody who once published a letter in a newspaper, are the guilty persons in questions.

"It is not to be denied, that the restoration of the order of Jesuits has excited alarm; for we already see a new conspiracy formed against it, possessing all the malignity, if not all the talent, or power, of the old one. But who are the persons alarmed? They can be only such as have a similarity of spirit and of views to those of the former enemies of the society (Sir John Hippisley nevertheless excepted, whose alarm must have a very different spring); men, who have already dared to warn the clergy of England against instituting schools, in which children are to be instructed in the national religion, because of the hostile feelings which will be excited between them and the children of the anti-church institutions; jacobinical philosophers, materialists, votaries of reason and eternal sleep, and, perhaps, some clergy, as before, of their own commu nion, whose interest may be affected, and who have not penetration and virtue enough to see and enjoy the motive and the justice of their restoration to religion and to letters." p. 255.

One fact is universally admitted, that the order of the Jesuits was an engine in its structure, its mode of acting, and the force it possessed, at all times unequalled. Even its origin was singu lar. A man who had been bred in a court and accustomed to slaughter in the field, sought to satisfy his conscience by devo ting himself to the austere duties of religious retirement; and in his privacy, laid the foundation of the order. Its power encreased with astonishing rapidity; and it retained its influence for nearly three centuries, during which it sent forth into the world more men of learning and talents, imparted more human

knowledge, made more converts to Christianity; but, at the same time, practised darker arts, spread deeper alarms, prompted to greater cruelties; in short, from motives always suspected -sometimes suspicious, "it achieved more good and perpetrated more mischief, than did any religious association ever known among Christians.

Ignatius, the founder of the society, being a fanatic, who, like the senseless fanatics of other countries and other times, had been accustomed to have dreams about inspiration, was fit enough to compose what they called the Spiritual Exercises of the Society; but the Constitutions, and the Monita Secreta, both of which are founded in a deep insight into the propensities, frailties, and passions of mankind, owe the strongest and the most forbidding of their features to his two immediate successors. These were men of the world, well versed in the science of government; who seem to have had no difficulty in determining the most effectual means of rendering their religious. institution a powerful instrument in their hands against all unfriendly civil governments, and of increasing both the number and the importance of their dangerous privileges. The higher orders of the Jesuits were, so far as their Monita were concerned, the prototypes of the brethren of the German clubs of FreeMasons who were of the first degree, and also of the profounder of the French Jacobins and the spirit of the Monita Secreta resembled the mysteries of masonry, and the pure principles of Jacobinism. Each has in its turn been applied on the continent in the same mysterious manner, though with different degrees of success, to the overthrow of all whom they judged their foes. Each has in its turn been an invisible hand formed to wound the unwary and unguarded.

This same Society of Jesus, ushered into the world under such extraordinary circumstances, was dreaded from its birth. The Pope Paul, whose sanction Ignatius lost no time in soliciting, suspected that mischief lurked under the institution; and instead of readily giving his sanction to it, referred the consideration of it to an assembly of cardinals-who pronounced it at once useless and dangerous. But about that time, the doctrines of the Romish Church were attacked from various quarters, and alarming schisms were every day taking place, so that Paul, on ascertaining that the Jesuits might be rendered a strong prop to the church-and that without any demand being made for their support, granted his bull. By this deed he confirmed to the institution all the privileges it claimed, added others of an extensive and commanding nature, and nominated Ignatius, NO. VII. Aug. Rev. VOL. I.

3 B

otherwise called Loyola, the General of the Order. A Church Militant naturally looked for a General. Paul's concession was tardy, because it could not be obvious that the project of the Jesuits was a safe one, much less that they would one day become so powerful as they have done all over the world, or that, in the possession of such incalculable power, they would always retain the same attachment to the Holy See which they at first professed.

It is rather more than 40 years since an apparently fatal blow was given to Jesuitism. That blow, deemed effectual at the time, is now found not to have been finally so-for the order has revived through the agency of the present Pope, and his Most Catholic Majesty. Nay, we do not know whether the piety of the beloved Ferdinand has not outrun that of his Holiness; and whether we ought not to consider him as the enlightened St. Ignatius, and the Pope as the St. Paul, of the age. However this may be, one thing is remarkable-that Pius VIIth is actuated by motives closely resembling those of his predecessorthe experience of resistless attacks on his power, and the apprehension of farther schisms in the church. And it cannot be denied, that if the preservation of the tenets of the Romish Church-and of the dominion of the Sovereign Pontiff, be the main object at which his Holiness ought to aim, he has acted with great wisdom. It has been alleged, and with some appearance of truth, that had the order of Jesuits not been suppressed, even the French Revolution would not have convulsed Europe when it did. Were this allegation known to be true, there would be good reason for regretting the fall of the order. At all events its transactions, productive of extraordinary consequences in every region of the earth, have rendered it an ob ject both of attention and of admiration. It is nothing less than venerable, from the men of letters and science which it has produced; and it inspires the most grateful recollections from the learning which it has diffused; and the conversions which it has made to the true religion, of every denomination of pagans. D'Alembert had stated that "the Jesuits had been teaching philosophy two hundred years, and yet had never had a philosopher in their body;" and our author says,

"In the meaning of these writers, the charge must be fully admitted. Never did Jesuits harbour within their walls the maxims or the doctrines of modern sophisters. They acknowledged no philosophy, that appeared to infringe on revelation or morals; but not on that account did they forego a modest claim to the title of philosophers. Those among them, who best deserved it, were actively employed in detecting, exposing, and