thing-but his honor. How happy would he now be, were insignificant Elba to be restored to him! In alluding to the termination of the war, we touch a string which vibrates quickly to every British heart; how sensibly to some, we wish to forget. But such has been the result of the victory obtained at Waterloo, that the havoc with which it was purchased does not, in a general point of view, lessen the joy it has excited throughout the empire. The slaughter was great, but the glory was greater. Much choice fruit was violently torn from the tree; but the tree itself and the far greater part of the fruit are preserved, while the hands of the spoiler are cut off. "Character is strength:" and of all sorts of national character, that which is military is, in the present age, the most valuable. We add, as a necessary consequence, that of all kinds of desert, that which on the one hand may have tended the most to perfect military discipline; and, on the other, have served the best to direct its application, is the most worthy of praise and reward. Hence the evident propriety both of the highly respectful and flattering terms, in which the conduct of the commander-in-chief was lately noticed in the House of Commons; and of erecting a stately monument in honor of the Duke of Wellington and his companions in arms. In establishing their fame, the country exalts and extends its own. We would, at this moment, as soon justify the subversion of our civil constitution, as the overthrow of our military system; we would, in the present posture of Europe, give up the benefits of the habeas corpus, rather than the use of the cat-o-nine tails. And we add a truth which none would have ventured to assert a century ago, that there can be no freedom for Englishmen, without a well organised powerful standing army. It was but a few years ago, that Great Britain had to encounter "an armed doctrine," and she persevered till she saw it disparaged, despised, and execrated: we have since contended with an armed host, and have seen it chased from the field, and its vaunted leaders humbled in the dust. We have contrived to break the spell of Napoleon's invincibility to the full satisfaction of his imperial guards, which will be a comfort to those who resort to Paris; at the same time that the rumour of our unquestionable superiority in arms, will set some bounds to the vapouring of our puny rivals on the other side the Atlantic. They who had never ventured to meet us on equal terms, by sea or by land, without being beaten, can in reality have nothing of which to boast and as for their vain-glory, it certainly will not now pass current in Europe. They repulsed us at New Orleans; but the French also who fell or fled at Waterloo, repulsed us at Badajos, Burgos, St. Sebastian and Bergen-Op-Zoom; nay; a body of East Indians, whose military renown is upon a par with that of the Americans, baffled us the other day and killed one of our best generals. Behind a bush or a rampart, a coward is a match for a hero. Paris is again taken, and again spared. Will the good folks of France be suitably humble, and grateful for the moderation. shewn them? They had better not tempt their neighbours to visit them in arms a third time-or with fire and sword their capital may be purged of its guilt, and their country divided into more parts than ever Cæsar's Gaul was. Their recent conduct would justify measures of extreme severity. The consideration of the future state of France is interesting. "It will still be great and powerful:"-the allies said so fifteen months ago. But, would it not have been quite as well for adjoining nations, had it not been "great and powerful" a month or two ago? This however is no business of ours. -Napoleon is already removed, though not to his final destination. Where that is, or by what means and in what manner he may be removed, we care not, provided that his exit be unattended with honor. We hope the Sovereigns of the continent are not actuated by some lurking particles of that dread with which he once managed to inspire them. The most obnoxious of his accomplices ought forthwith to be disposed of-with one single exception, that of General Bertrand, whose fidelity to his Master in every reverse of fortune, points him out as a man deficient in no good quality of head or heart. The rest of them ought, without scruple, to be stripped of their titles, of their enployments, and of their property, which ought to be conferred upon the King's trusty adherents. The rebel army too should be completely disbanded; and the King hereafter be served only by men possessing a portion of the honor by which French officers were once distinguished. These steps promptly and boldly taken, would be sufficient for the safety of Louis and his nobles; though by no means sufficient to yield satisfaction and security to the nations around them. The Louvre must be unfurnished. The purest models of the humanising arts, ought no longer to be shut up in the most corrupt city in Christendom; but be speedily and carefully conveyed to the repositories from which they were stolen. Besides this, the barrier towns, those especially that command the entrance into Belgium, must be razed to the ground. Should this be left undone, the point the most essential to the repose of nations will be unattained. No reliance can be placed on any engagement into which the French may enter. The allies must do the work, or see it done, before they withdraw their forces. Unless they do, they can form no peace establishments. They must hold themselves in constant readiness for action; they must expect to see Louis once more in exile, and the blood of their subjects again unprofitably shed. We have mentioned peace establishments: it is at length in the power of sovereigns to make them what they please; as well as to render the early recurrence of war impossible. The affairs of Europe, but especially those of this country, never exhibited so fair an aspect as they do at this day. Soon after government had carried the war into Portugal, our range on the continent was limited by the lines of Torres Vedras, and there was scarcely a nation whose friendship we could claim; but now all the continent is open to us--our enemies are subdued, and our allies attached to us by ties of gratitude and admi❤ ration. At the one period nothing remained for us but to be driven, as our enemies both foreign and domestic assured us we should be, into the ocean: at the other, nothing is wanting to our prosperity and happiness, but a steady perseverance in those principles through which the country has reached its present elevated station. It is worthy of remark that through an adhe rence to those wise principles, the administration of Lord Liverpool now possesses more popularity and influence than Mr. Pitt's did-even after the period of Mr. Burke's abandon→ ment of his early friends. ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE. The Conductors of the AUGUSTAN REVIEW request scientific and literary men, and also Editors and Publishers, to favor them with authentic information relative to inventions, discoveries, and improvements in Arts and Sciences; Notices of works preparing for publication, and of those recently published; which will be thankfully received and communicated to the public in the subsequent Number, if sent to the publisher (post paid) before the 20th of the month. 'I. INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, AND IMPROVEMENTS, IN Mr. FREDERICK ACCUM has sent Dr. Thomson an interesting paper On the Method of Illuminating the Streets by Coal Gas; and as this is a subject of great and increasing importance, we have made the following extract, from the 31st No. of the Annals of Philosophy, for the information of our readers. Mr. Accum states "that Cannel coal produces the very best gas; or at least the gas which it affords requires the least trouble of being purified and rendered fit for illumination; though Newcastle coal is employed for illumination in this metropolis. But the nature of the gas obtained from the same coal varies considerably, according to the conditions under which it is obtained, 112lbs, of common Cannel coal produces at the minimum from 350 to 360 cubic feet of carbureted hydrogen; but the same quantity of best Newcastle coal, that is say, such as coke readily, and send out brilliant streams of flame, which undergo a kind of semifusion when laid on the fire, produce upon an average 300 cubic feet of this gaseous fluid, besides a large portion of sul phureted hydrogen, carbonic acid, and carbonic oxide." "Half a cubic foot of this gas, when fresh prepared, that is to say, holding in solution or suspension a portion of the es sential oil which is generated during the production of the gas, is equal in illuminating power to from 170 to 180 grs. of tallow, which is the quantity of this material consumed in one hour by a well snuffed tal low candle, six to the pound. Now 1lb. avoirdupois is equal to 7000 grs. and consequently. 1lb. of candles, of six to the pound, burning one at a time in succession, would last 7000 175 =40 hours. To produce the same light, we must burn one half of a cubic foot of coal gas per hour; therefore one half multiplied by 40 hours is equal to 20 cubic feet of gas in 40 hours, and, consequently, equal to Hb. of candles, six to the pound, provided they were burned one after another." "Further, 112lbs. of Cannel coal produce at a minimum 350 cubic feet of gas, and are equal to 350 divided by 20, which last is equivalent to 1lb. of tallow, making, therefore, 112lbs. of coal equal to 350_17 lbs. of 20 tallow; and 112lbs. of coal divided by 17 lbs. of tallow gives six and four-tenths of coal equal to 1lb. of tallow." "With regard to Newcastle coals, it may be stated, that one chaldron of Wall's End coal produces in this large way upwards of 11,000 cubic feet of crude gas, which when purified diminish to nearly 10,000 cubic feet. But the quantity and quality of the gas, as stated already, are much influenced by circumstances attending the formation of it. If the tar and oil produced during the evolu tion of the gas in its nascent state be made to come in contact with the sides of the redhot iron retorts; or, better, if it be made to pass through an iron cylinder or other vessel heated red-hot, a large portion of it becomes decomposed into carbureted hydrogen and olefiant gas; and thus a much greater quantity of gas is produced, than would be obtained without such precautions. If the coal be distilled with a very low red heat, scarcely observable by day light, the gas produced gives but a feeble light: if this distillatory vessel be of a dull redness, the light produced by the burning gas is more brilliant: if a bright, or cherry-red heat be employed, the gas produced burns with a brilliant white flame; and if the heat be increased so far that the retort is almost white hot, and consequently in danger of melting, the gas given out has little illuminating power, and burns with a clear bluish flame and if this coal abound in pyrites, a large portion of sulphureted hydrogen gas is then produced, which has the capital disadvantage of af fording a suffocating odour when the gas is burnt." "I need scarcely mention that it makes no difference in what form the coal is used, and, that the very refuse of small coal, which passes through the screne at the pit's mouth, and which finds no market, nay, even the sweepings of the pit, which are thrown away, may be employed for the production of gas." M. l'ABBE ROCHON, late Member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, made many experiments for ascertaining the warmth of colored rays; from which he draws the following conclusions. First, that the ratio of the warmth of clear red to the most lively violet, is nearly that of eight to one. Secondly, that the warmth of the yellow orange differs very little from that which the red affords. He, therefore, considers the warmest rays as between the clear red |