mously that this laboratory should be located at Kansas State University at Manhattan, Kans. Furthermore, the university has offered sufficient land for the laboratory at no cost to the Government.

ESTIMATED COST AND SCOPE OF FACILITY

The total estimated cost for planning, constructing, and equipping the laboratory is $3,385,000. This includes $212,000 for developing plans and specifications, $2,438,000 for construction, and $735,000 for completely equipping the facility. These estimates would provide office and specialized laboratory space and equipment, including sampling, seed testing, milling and baking, chemistry, instrumentation and engineering, storage pathology, physiology and microbiology, insect rearing, biology and ecology, insect physiology and nutrition, nonchemical control, radioisotope, pesticide analysis, pesticide application, aeration, drying, cleaning, dust control, handling, equipment development, facility design, and machine shop.

I know this sounds like a tremendous amount of money. However, next to livestock and livestock products, the food and feed grains have the greatest farm value and are the greatest source of farm cash receipt in agriculture.

FOOD GRAINS AND FEED CROP EXPORTS

One-third of the cash receipts from farm marketings of all crops in 1961 was derived from food grains and feed crops. In calendar year 1962, U.S. agricultural exports totaled $5,031 billion. In 1963 it was $5,584 billion. Of these totals $109 billion, or almost 39 percent, was accounted for by grains and grain producers exclusive of feeds and fodders.

The continued well-being of our grain, in both domestic and foreign markets, is heavily dependent upon practical solutions to a range of quality problems, and upon our ability to market our products more efficiently and at minimum cost. These problems are of vital importance to consumers, to producers, and to the industry which serves this segment of our agriculture.

IMPORTANCE OF GRAIN QUALITY

During recent years there has been increasing criticism, and concern, regarding the quality of U.S. wheat, particularly in the foreign market. These criticisms accent the conclusion that the United States can ill afford to be complacent concerning the quality of its grain-a product of tremendous importance to its farm income and to its dollar exchange in foreign trade.

Are there other characteristics of quality which should be incorporated in the standards? Can devices and methods be developed which will aid inspectors in identifying and measuring quality of grain more accurately and objectively under all conditions of marketing?

Practices may be followed in grain handling and marketing which unnecessarily damage the grain and otherwise cause losses and quality deterioration. Where do these losses occur; and how can they be prevented?

The possibility of harmful pesticide and fumigant residues in agricultural products, including grains, is of continuing concern.

These uncertainties must be cleared up for the benefit of producers, the protection of consumers, and the well-being of our market outlets.

CONTROL OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS

Insects occur in marketing channels. The problem is to control them adequately with no harmful residues. This requires a greater knowledge of stored-product insects-their biology, ecology, physiology, and nutrition. It requires greater knowledge of the fate and action of control materials under different conditions. It requires the development of nonpesticidal methods, as well as safer pesticidal methods of control.

PUBLICITY CONCERNING INCIDENCE OF MOLDS

In a similar way publicity concerning the incidence of certain molds in some agricultural products is receiving increasing attention. Information should be assembled indicating where these molds occur, the conditions under which they occur, and how the incidence can be prevented.

Also methods should be developed for determining accurately and quickly, in marketing channels, the presence of any mold which may be harmful to animals or humans.

The cost of handling agricultural products is a major part of the marketing bill. Even though the efficiency of the marketing system has increased materially in recent years through the application of research results, there continues to be much interest in marketing costs in relation to returns to farmers.

HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION COSTS

Past research has indicated that many worthwhile opportunities exist for savings in handling costs through use of improved work methods, equipment, and efficient facilities.

Also, in the grain distribution system, transportation is the most costly single function. Most of the wheat produced in the United States must be transported great distances before it reaches the domestic or foreign consumer. For the most part, the same types of vehicles and methods that were employed in transporting grain years ago are still in use today.

We must not only be able to place good quality grain in domestic and foreign markets, but we must do this at costs that will enable it to compete with grain from other sources. This demands greatly improved transport facilities and techniques which will produce lower transport and handling costs. The dollars, or even the cents, which may be saved in marketing may mean the difference between profit or loss, or success or failure in a competitive market.

INADEQUACY OF PRESENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES

An effective response to these and other requirements associated with market quality and efficiency in handling and transportation requires research and development well beyond the capability of resources and facilities now available to the Department for this type of work.

For several years there has been a wide variety of support for a grain marketing research laboratory. The program of research in such a laboratory would include protecting and maintaining quality in grain during drying, conditioning, storing, milling, and transportation, whether from insect, pathological, or physiological causes, or of a physical nature; development of improved equipment, facilities, and work methods for efficient handling of grain during drying, conditioning, storage, and transportation; and adaptation of improved statistically sound sampling methods and other equipment for identifying and measuring quality in grain under the demanding conditions of marketing as a basis for improving grade standards, grading methods, and sampling and grading equipment.

The quest for methods and procedures for controlling insects and pathological, or other disorders would emphasize the need to minimize the creation of harmful chemical residues.

I very much appreciate, Mr. Chairman, your permitting me to appear before you this morning. I will personally appreciate any consideration you can give toward appropriating funds so at least this laboratory can be started. Thank you.

FEASIBILITY STUDY AND REPORT

Senator YOUNG. Did we not request a feasibility study on this laboratory the year before last?

Senator CARLSON. That is right.

Senator YOUNG. The report was favorable; was it not?

Senator CARLSON. Yes, as I remember it.

Senator YOUNG. I think there is a need for this and we will try to get it in this year. If it does not get in it will not be your fault. You have worked very hard for this.

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

Senator CARLSON. I would like to have another moment. To discuss soil conservation.

I was interested to learn from the Department of Agriculture last week that it was 30 years ago that our Nation established a Soil Conservation Service. They called me for the reason that I was a Member of the House of Representatives at that time and voted for it. They told me that there are only 20 Members of the House and Senate who were present on April 27, 1935, who are now serving in the Congress, which was an interesting statement to say the least. On the Senate side, those who were here at the time this bill was passed were the distinguished Senator from Arizona, Mr. Hayden; the distinguished Senator from Virginia, Mr. Byrd, and the distinguished Senator from Georgia, Mr. Russell.

And since that time the Senator from Alabama, Mr. Hill, the Senator from Illinois, Mr. Dirksen, and myself. I do not know if any others have come over from the House side but there is only a total of 20 in the present Congress. They requested the Senator from Arizona, Mr. Hayden, the chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture, Mr. Cooley, and myself to make some statements today which I am going to do.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF SENATOR CARLSON

With your permission, as one who supported the original act and have been an enthusiastic supporter for it I would like to ask that this statement be included in this hearing today.

Senator YOUNG. That will be done.

(The statement referred to follows:)

THIRTY YEARS OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Mr. President, today is the 30th birthday of the National Soil and Water Conservation Service.

It was on April 27, 1935, 30 years ago, as a Member of the House of Representatives, I voted with my colleagues to conserve and save the land. It is, to my mind, one of the most important votes I have cast in my long years of service in the House and Senate.

I recall hearings prior to that historic occasion. The skies were dark with the dust of the western plains blowing east over Washington and out to sea-good U.S. soil being blown right out of the country-a sacrifice the Nation could ill afford.

On that fateful day in 1935 there was no doubt anywhere in the Congress that legislation was urgently required to bring sound, enduring soil and water conservation practices to the land.

And on this day in 1965 I am convinced of the continuing need for a dynamic program of soil and water conservation for America. We have such a program, and we must be prepared to keep it as effective as possible in meeting the demands of a dynamic people.

When Congress passed the Soil Conservation Act, our concern was with the rural lands that were being blown and washed away. This rural outlook is gradually giving way to a rural-urban understanding of the national needs of soil and water conservation. The town as well as the country has soil and water problems that require professional conservation care.

It is good, on an anniversary, to be able to look back with satisfaction on the years that have passed. Those of us in the Congress who were present when the Soil Conservation Service was born have that satisfaction. We have helped the SCS grow to a maturity that assures the highest type of professionalism in the care of this Nation's land. But we have not been alone.

Only 20 of us remain in Congress of those who joined in the unanimous vote for establishment of a Soil Conservation Service. We are a diminishing number. But soil and water conservation have acquired many new supporters to champion this vital effort. We oldtimers join with them to honor an agency that has rendered lasting service to the Nation.

It would be a hollow honor, however, if we in the Congress did not dedicate our intentions to continued support of soil and water conservation. That support is urgently needed in greater measure now than ever before.

The great crusade launched by Congress, 30 years ago, has been ably led by capable and dedicated conservationists in the Soil Conservation Service and the soil conservation districts. Their success is the Nation's success, and Congress may be rightly proud of its part in sustaining this grand venture which set out in 1935 to conserve America's soil and water resources and direct their use for the greater benefit of all the people.

OPPOSITION TO FUNDS REDUCTION FOR CONSERVATION WORK

Senator CARLSON. In addition I would like to say personally ou State would be very much opposed to any reductions in funds for this outstanding work. I sincerely hope when the committee gets to considering it that it will keep in mind this important service which after all conserves a great resource that once it is lost will not be easily replaced.

Senator YOUNG. That was a very interesting statement you made regarding how this program first got started. I had not reali it was that long ago. I imagine Dr. Bennett was one of the forem promoters at that time.

Senator CARLSON. He was. I do not want to take the time of the committee, but it is interesting to reflect back. I shall never forget one day when I went out between the two office buildings and I had my car parked there. Dust had settled on the fender and I took my hand and rubbed some of it off and a Congressman from Massachusetts who I had just learned to know-I came to Washington in 1935said "I wish you Kansans would keep your dirt at home." There were at that time great clouds of soil; hundreds of thousands of tons of soil that blew out of the Middle West and actually it was seen out over the Atlantic Ocean.

Actually it was that serious at that time. We passed that act unanimously, House and Senate, and I thought that would be of interest.

Senator YOUNG. This program has done a lot of good. The amazing thing to me is that the soil conservation district supervisors have been such enthusiasts for water and soil conservation that they serve in these posts without pay. It is one of the most important programs the Department of Agriculture has ever started and we appreciate your comments.

Senator CARLSON. I appreciate the courtesy of the committee and many thanks.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT

STATEMENTS OF ROY KOTTMAN, DEAN, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY; DIRECTOR, OHIO COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE; AND DIRECTOR, OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS; THOMAS W. DOWE, VERMONT; L. E. HAWKINS, OKLAHOMA; M. A. FARRELL, PENNSYLVANIA; R. K. FREVERT, ARIZONA; M. L. PETERSON, CALIFORNIA; C. T. WILSON, VIRGINIA, AND A. G. HAZEN, NORTH DAKOTA; AND LOWELL WATTS, DIRECTOR, COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERIVCE, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY.

LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Senator YOUNG. The next witnesses represent the land-grant colleges and universities. I understand Mr. Tom Dowe, executive director of the experimental station at the University of Vermont and Lowell Watts, director of the cooperative extension service will appear and introduce their associates.

I am also very proud that we have Mr. Arthur Schulz who is director of the cooperative extension service for North Dakota with us. You may proceed.

Mr. DowE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My name is Tom Dowe. I am from the University of Vermont. I am chairman of the Legislative Committee of the Association of State Universities & Land-Grant Colleges.

I do want to recognize the presence of our good friend, Senator Aiken. We have a statement we would like to submit for the record. The first statement we would like to present is by Dean Kottman of Ohio who will speak about appropriations under the Hatch Act