serted in the instrument whereby the Queen of Naples adopted our Duke of Bedford. It is in vol. IX. p. 708. Neither shall I here mention the custom of subjects, whose descendants, whenever they had married the Heiress of any younger son of the Crown, bore the Royal arms with the proper differences in the first place. In hereditary kingdoms, where women succeed to the Crown, the practice hath been universal (as I think) to place the arms of the Husband after those of the Kingdom, although the Husbands were crowned Kings. There are many instances, in the kingdom of Navarre, &c.

"Then, again, these arms of Darnley are under the like Crown as those of the Realm itself (which is in the middle). This Crown hath upon the rim four crosses, from whence arise two arches, having the like cross upon a mound at the top. Between the crosses on the rim is a fleur de lis between two pearls, each on a point; which differences this from the Crowns of other Kings. The Kings of Scotland had not an arched Crown in 26 Hen. VIII. as appears by the representation of the Knights of the Garter in the Black Book of that Order, but only an open one; and I know not when that arched crown was first assumed there. Certain I am, that the real Crown of Scotland (though I know not the form of it) was put on the head of Sir James Balfour, when he was created Lyon King of Arms in 1630.

"King James, who was very young, is here represented imprecating vengeance for his Father's death. It was customary to draw the figures of the children of the Crown as grown up, whereof there are several instances in Montfaucon. He is in the Royal robes, with the crown above described, having the sceptre lying upon the desk before him. He hath about his neck a collar, to which the figure of St. Andrew (if my eyes rightly view it) is appendant, impressed with his cross Argent. This probably will be esteemed to be the badge of some Order of Knighthood; but as yet I cannot subscribe to that notion, and conceive it to be barely the livery of the King, and which he might, like other kings, give to his domesticks and favourites. I would here take notice, as a matter of curiosity, that, in the Cathedral of Amiens

France, to the reliquary, or case, that contains the head (as they think) of St. John Baptist, there is affixed a gold coin, or I should rather believe a medal, which in the exergue hath this circumscription, in a Gothick sort of letters, Moneta Nova Jacobi Tertii, Dei gratiâ, Regis Scotia.' It exhibits that King (who died in 1488) in demi-relief, with long hair, but without a beard, crowned with an open Crown, sitting on a royal throne, having a naked sword in one hand, and with the other holding the arms of Scotland. Over the pavilion that covers the throne is the motto, 'In mi Deffen;' and under it, Villa Berwici. But the reason of my mentioning it is for the Reverse, which hath the image of St. Andrew at large, holding with his right hand his cross of equal length with himself (not impressed

over his body as in this Picture), and circumscribed with Salvum

fac

i

fac Populum Twм [tuum] Domine,' in Roman letters. It weighs thirteen pistoles, is of two inches and one third, diameter, which induces me to suppose it not to have been any common current coin, though inscribed Moneta Nova;' for I know of none at that time of so great a value. While I name this medal, it may not be amiss to take notice that in that church are several ornaments having the arms of John Earl of Oxford, who died 4 Hen. VIII. surrounded with the Garter, whereof the Penitentiary Canon of that Church hath sent me draughts.

"The question is, of what the collar about this King's neck is composed. Probably Upton, 'De Re Militari,' may not be at hand; therefore I transcribe from p. 33, In Angliâ quando Dominus Rex aliquem nobilitat; solet, una cum feudo, signum, hoc post Liberatum suam nobilitato condonare, quæ liberata est unum Collarium cum literis de S. de auro vel argento fabricatum.' He then proceeds to describe this Collar of Livery of the King of France, of the King of Cyprus, of the Emperor; and then proceeds, Rex etiam Scotia dare solebat pro signo, seu titulo suo unum Collarium de Gormettis frænalibus equorum de auro vel argento,' &c.—and in the next page, Notandum tamen est, quod ista signa, ut prædixi, regia, prout signum accipitur pro suâ liberatâ, non sunt sua Arma, vel Bagia, sed solummodo Liberatæ,' &c. As this author, who lived in the reign of Henry VI., was certainly exact in describing the Collars of the other Princes named by him (as I can prove), so there can be no reason to suspect his ignorance as to Scotland. Gourmete is the French at present for the curb of a bridle, and Upton is positive that the Collar of the King of Scotland relates to that part of the bridle called gormette. My eyes do not serve me to be certain in the very form of this collar in this Picture. I could wish the larger picture was nicely inspected to discover it.

"It hath been the common mistake to call these badges, or devices, or liveries of Kings, to be Orders of Knighthood, and I printed several incontestable proofs of such mistakes. And the Scotch may as well be pardoned, as others, in this matter. Nay, further, if it should appear that the Kings of Scotland knighted any persons in the name of St. Andrew, that would not prove an Order; for our Kings have often knighted in the name of St. George persons who were not of the Garter.

"The later Collar of Scotland hath been composed of Thistles interwoven and linked with sprigs of Rue; but when it began I cannot learn. Our Kings frequently altered their collars or liveries. Richard II. bore the White Hart; then the Lancastrian line the Collar of S. S.; Edward IV. the White Rose, &c.

"As to the Royal Robes, the surcoat seems to be Argent; whether that hath any allegory to the innocency of a child, I cannot guess; for, if it respects the Royal person, then I apprehend this draught intends to represent this King as he was (according to the antient Rituals) habited during the Octave of his Coronation; for I do not think this white colour is designed for mourn

ing, which the Monarchs of that age never wore while they appeared as Kings (which shall be explained in a different letter) though there was not heretofore any particular colour appropriated to mourning; but was sometime in white, russet, blue, &c. I cannot be certain by my eye of the true colour of the Royal mantle.

"The battle represented in this piece is, without doubt, that of Langside, a mile South of the side of Glasgow, and possibly this may be a prospect of that field of battle.

"As to the coat arms of the Isle of Man, Mr. Camden, in his description thereof, saith, that the antient arms were a Ship with the sails furled or trusted up. In the 27th box in the Dutchy of Lancaster, there is a grant of R. Dei gra. Rex Insularum fil. Godredi Regis,' to the Abbey of Furness, confirming privileges granted by King Olavus his grandfather, with a seal exhibiting an equestrian figure of him on horseback; and on the Reverse, a Ship, being a large seal. This Reginald King of the Isles died 1226.

"In Rymer, under 15 Edward IV. there is a patent about the claim for bearing the arms of Man made by the Lord Scrop against the Lord Stanley; but there is no description or bazoning of the arms. I transcribe what E. B., that is, Edmond Bolton (who was a learned man), in his Elements of Armories, printed in 1610, saith hereof, p. 74, by way of dialogue.

"With more vehemency of likelihood, we may affirm that the Armories of the Isle of Man were derived from the semblable figure, which the Grecians in Sicilia did long since use upon their coins.

E. I remember to have seen them, not without some wonder. 'A. The cause in them was elegant; but nothing agreeable to the Kingdom, or Isle of Man, though somewhat to the three Realms, England, Scotland, and Ireland, which it [that Isle] respects.

'E. What was the cause?

A. The three legs meeting so in the centre, did symbolize or signify the three Corners, Capes, or Promontories of that Island [Sicily], which was therefore called Trinacria. [It is plain that Island runs into the sea in the manner of a triangle, or Greek letter A, and therefore called by Lycophron three-necked, and by Pindar three pointed].

E. The cause was apt indeed, and would well correspond to our Penile of England, which is triquet, or triangular.

A. It would; but surely in those [Sicilian] moneys this was also strange, that in the very juncture of the legs, you should sometimes see a Mercury's head, betokening (as it seems) the witty arts of the Islanders; sometime the head of Ceres, to signify the fertility; or Rape of Proserpine; and sometime other things.'

"So far Bolton; but for this symbol see Montfaucon, tom. III. p. 2; c. 8. p. 187, as it concerns Sicily,

"When

"When the real Lords of this Isle of Man (or the titular ones, for it was given upon the latter account by the Kings of Scotland to their subjects) first used the three legs, or the occasion thereof, I cannot discover. I have a very old parchment book of arms, where the three legs are not in a triangle, but in a method more proper to be drawn than described, which may not give a full idea of the manner of them.

"Mr. Selden, in his Titles of Honour,' 1. I. c. 3, § 1, mentions a Charter of William Earl of Salisbury, 22 Feb. 6 Rich. II. with his seal, which hath in the 1st and 4th quarter the arms of Man, and in the 2d and 3rd those of Montague. He doth not describe these arms of Man, and therefore I should guess them to have been the three legs. That most learned Writer takes notice that this Earl used only the style of Lord of Man; but omits that he used the phrase Dei gratiâ, of which there is an instance in Madox, Formul. Anglican. n. 572, &c.; but he particularly remarks, that his arms are under a crown fleury of eight flowers, whereof four are much larger than the rest. And he takes notice of what Walsingham, p. 387, writes, after the narration of the sale of this Isle to the Lord Scrope, ' nempe Dominus hujus Insulæ Rex vocatur, cui etiam fas est corond aured coronari.' And, I believe, he used this Crown only with respect to this Island; for I take it, after the erecting of Dukes, as an Order superior to Earls, by Edward III. and their investiture in their creations being specified to be per circulum aureum, that Coronets, which had formerly belonged to Earls, became then appropriate to this higher degree, and were discontinued to be worn by the Earls; and therefore, when Henry VI. so far honoured the Earl of Warwick as to make him Præcomes Angliæ, there is the following remarkable grant to him by Cart. 22 H. VI. quod utatur circulo aureo pro differentia inter ipsum et alios Comites.' I cannot conceive how the wearing a golden Circle or Crown could distinguish him from all other Earls, unless it be allowed that the other Earls had either no Crowns, or Crowns of different metal. It is certain, as I remember, that the investiture per circulum aureum is not expressed in any Patent to an Earl till the reign of Edward VI.; and in a draught of the House of Lords made by the Garter King of Arms in the reign of Henry VIII. while Cardinal Wolsey sat in that House (which is printed by Dr. Fiddes) only the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk have Coronets. I agree that, before the Institution of Dukes, Earls had Crowns, though not mentioned as any symbol, used at their investitures in their Charters; as by the instances of the Earl of Pembroke, and John of Eltham Earl of Kent, printed in Selden's Titles, 1. 2, c. v. § 14; though some have thought that the tomb ascribed to John of Eltham was really that of Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter. And it may likewise be suggested, that the Crown of the Earl of Pembroke might be kept in that family, not as an ensign appropriate to an Earl, but to be used at marriage solemnities, which was the common rite

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