ment, it is not to be expected that any particular distinction could so soon have appeared; but that the habits, manners, and morals of both must necessarily have continued the same; yet there was some difference which is worthy of notice. In North Carolina we have seen nothing of religion in any shape, or form; but in South-Carolina, under the administration of Sir John Yeamans, religion was introduced, merely as an engine of state, to prop up a party. Dur ing the civil wars in England both Cavaliers, (or High Church,) and Round-heads, (or Puritans,)* fled into SouthCarolina, where, under the necessity of things, in the infancy of a colony in a wilderness, they could agree so far as it respected mutual wants, and mutual defence; but being on the extremes of variance, both in religion and government, they began again to disagree as soon as those common necessities began to lighten, or be removed, and the question of ambition arose,-Who shall rule? the old party spirit revived, and the parties were at issue. A churchman can never be content under a republican government; the moment he does, he becomes an apostate; a puritan is the same, whenever he consents to a monarchical; unless from necessity, and the rod of coercion.

H

Sir John Yeamans, was a full blooded churchman, or Cavalier, and so were the majority of his council, and they had attempted to establish a high-toned prerogative gov ernment; but the Puritans were opposed. Governor West who succeeded Governor Yeamans was a moderate and prudent man, who could not govern the state under such discordant interests, and was soon succeeded by Gov ernor Morton, and he the next year by Governor Colleton. Under this administration, the Cavaliers had nearly ruined all government. They not only despised the mild and prudent measures of Governor Colleton; but set up a pointed opposition to all his measures, and finally deposed

* These were party names in those times in England.

him by carrying a bill through the assembly, that Mr. Col leton should not hold any office in the colony. Things were now ripe for a change, and this change was produced by placing Sothel in the chair, as has been noticed. Ener gy, malice, hatred, discord, and revenge stalked abroad, and persecution, with her iron wand, raged throughout the colony. That little colony of French Huguenots, who had settled in South-Carolina, became the objects of the most bitter persecution. They were denounced by the Cavaliers, now in power, as aliens, and incapable of holding lands, according to the alien laws of England, and were even refused naturalization; all their marriages by their ministers, not ordained by bishops, were declared "unlawful, and their children bastards, and thus all Puritans, or dissenters, became mere blanks in society, and the Cavaliers ruled the state. Governor Smith who had succeeded Sothel, in these troublesome times, found himself *unable to direct the storm, and asked permission to retire into private life. The proprietors had long viewed with anxiety the factions of the two colonies, and sought to quiet them; but they had now become the more alarmed for the safety of the southern colony, because the oppressions of the people arose from a religious faction, which they knew was of all others the most difficult to manage..

The proprietors made one more effort to heal the fac'tions of the south, and chose Lord Ashley, (one of their number,) whose every qualification recommended him to the work; but he declined, and they then sent out John Archdale, to direct the ship, in the midst of the tempest; vested with powers, more extensive than had hitherto been granted, or (as was particularly expressed in his commission) that might be expected in future.

In August 1695, the new governor arrived first in SouthCarolina, and entered upon the arduous duties of his office. His first step was to remove the council of Cavaliers, and

form one of moderate men; he next began to reform the factions of the state at large, by administering justice with a liberal hand; and when the heat of party began sufficiently to abate, he called an assembly of the people; this assembly was regular and tranquil, and when their session closed, they expressed the grateful acknowledgment of the colony to the lords proprietors, for the happiness they enjoyed under their new governor.

All that William Penn had been, in quieting the feuds of his colony, was found in Governor Archdale, in quelling the factions of South-Carolina; both were Quakers; and in their governments, displayed the true character of their religion. Governor Archdale went one step further in his government than William Penn; he was sensible that a regular means of defence might be established, as it had become necessary to protect the colony from the incursions of the neighbouring Indians, or other foreign enemies, and therefore promoted a militia law, that exempted all such as were conscientiously averse to bearing arms. The governor, though a Quaker, believed that the most effectual way for them to avoid the shedding of blood, was to shew to their enemies that they were prepared for self defence, as well as to revenge their own wrongs, and punish such as dared to invade their rights. Thus armed with the sword of defence, the governor soon had an opportunity to display his pacific disposition, as well as those principles of justice and kindness which he felt, and meant to exercise towards the Indians. Some of the neighbouring tribes, as was common, had put themselves under the protecton of the English colony; amongst those was the Yammassee tribe, who lived near to Charlestown, on the south. These Indians in their wars with the Spanish Indians, had taken several prisoners, which they offered for sale, (according to custom.) Governor Archdale sent for the chief of that tribe, and gave him a letter to the Spanish governVOL. II. 22

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or at St. Augustine, with directions to restore the prisoners, and deliver the letter. The chief complied, and this act of benevolence raised the reputation of the governor in the estimation of the Indians, as well as the Spaniards, and greatly promoted the peace, as well as the trade of the colony.

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The settlements of the colonies of North and SouthCarolina, were at this time distant about three hundred miles the tribes about Pamlico, Neus, and Trent Rivers, were numerous, and the Cape Fear Indians were robbers and plunderers, from a custom they had practised of robbing and plundering all such vessels as were at any time cast away, or driven ashore upon the cape, as well as murdering the passengers.

A war raged between the Indians of the two colonies, and the Indians of the south took several prisoners of the Cape Fear Indians, and sold them for slaves; the fame of Governor Archdale had reached their ears, they applied to him in their distress, and complained of the wrongs; the governor listened to their complaint, and promised them protection and assistance, provided they would never more plunder the unfortunate, who might be cast away upon Cape Fear. They readily complied, their prisoners were restored, and they were faithful to their promise, by affording relief to fifty unfortunate New-England adventurers, who were cast upon Cape Fear, on their way to Charlestown. The fame of that wise and prudent administration which Governor Archdale had displayed in South Carolina, had now reached the northern province, and opened the way for him to take the chair of state in that colony, and enter upon the same Herculean task of reforming the abuses and corruptions of another profligate and factious government. The reformed example of the south, had shone so conspicuous that it greatly facilitated the reformation in the north, and the sect of Qua

kers in the north being numerous, rendered the administration of Governor Archdale the more easy and pleasant: being one of their sect, he took up his abode with them, pruchased an estate at Albemarle, married his daughter at Pasquetank, and not only passed his remaining days in the colony, but left a progeny that continues to this day.

Sir Nathaniel Johnson succeeded to the chair in SouthCarolina, as deputy-governor, upon the departure of Governor Archdale; a man of wisdom and prudence; but mild in his measures, and the high-church party took advantage of the times, set up their old claims of prerogative, and by their intrigues, obtained a majority of one voice in the assembly; upon the strength of this, they passed a law to exclude all dissenters from the assembly, and another to establish the Church of England. When the knowledge of these laws reached Governor Archdale, he used his influence with the proprietors in England, that they might not be ratified; but all in vain, they were confirmed; this opened the old wound afresh; the dissenters remonstrated to the House of Lords; their remonstrance was heard, and their lordships were pleased to address her majesty, Queen Ann, praying her majesty to order the laws to be repealed, and direct a writ of Quo Warranto against the charter of the lords proprietors. Her majesty was pleased to cause the laws to be repealed, and the colony was left to settle their own feuds.

Thomas Harvey again became deputy-governor, and upon his death in 1699, Henderson Walker became deputygovernor, formerly judge of the Superior Court, and was elected president of the council.

In the year 1703, Robert Daniel, a Landgrave, became president of the council, upon the death of Walker, and Thomas Carey was appointed deputy-governor,