They bryng vp very fewe horses; nor non, but very fearce ones1; and for none other vse or purpose, but only to exercyse their youthe in rydynge and feates of armes 2. For oxen be put to all the labour of plowynge and drawyng. Whiche they graunte to be not so good as horses as sodeyne brunt, and (as we saye) at a dead lifte ; but yet they holde opinion, that oxen wyll abyde and suffre much more laboure and payne" then horses wyl. And they thinke that they be not in daunger and subiecte vnto so manye dysseases, and that they bee kepte and maynteyned wyth muche lesse coste and charge; and fynally that they be good for meate when they be past labour.

They sowe corne onlye for bread. For their drynke is other wyne made of grapes, or els of apples or peares*,

aat a.

b

payne and hardnes.

с

oxen.

Vsus equorum.

Equos alunt perquam paucos, nec nisi ferocientes, neque alium in usum quam exercendae rebus equestribus iuuentuti. Nam omnem seu colendi sed uehendi laborem boues obeunt; quos, ut fatentur equis impetu cedere, sic patientia uincere, nec tot obnoxios morbis putant; ad haec minore impendio et operae et sumptus ali, ac denique laboribus emeritos in cibum tandem usui esse.

Semente in solum panem utuntur. Nam aut uuarum uinum bibunt, aut pomorum pirorumue, aut denique

Vsus boum.

Cibus ac potus.

T

or els it is cleane water; and many tymes methe made of honey or liqueresse sodde in water, for therof they haue great store. And though they knowe certeynlye (for they knowe it perfetly in dede), how much victayles the cytie with the hole countrey or shiere rounde a boute it dothe spende; yet they sowe much more corne, and bryed vp muche more cattell, then serueth for their own vse. And the ouerplus they parte amonge their borderers. What soeuer necessary thynges be lackynge in the countrey, all suche stuffe they fetche out of the citie; where without anye exchaunge they easelye obteyne it of the magistrates of the citie. For euerye moneth manye of them goo into the cytie on the hollye daye. When theyr haruest daye draweth nere and is at hande, then the Philarches 2, whiche partynge the overplus.

Modus sementis.

aquam nonnunquam meram; saepe etiam qua mel aut glycyrizam incoxerint, cuius haud exiguam habent copiam. Quum exploratum habeant (habent | enim certissimum) quantum annonae consumat 74 urbs, et circumiectus urbi conuentus, tamen multo amplius et sementis faciunt et pecudum educant, quam quod in suos usus sufficiat, reliquum impartituri finitimis. Quibuscunque rebus opus est, quae res ruri non habentur, eam supellectilem omnem ab urbe petunt, et sine ulla rerum commutatione a magistratibus urbanis nullo negocio consequuntur. Nam illo singulo3 quoque

The drink here described as made by an infusion of honey or liquorice, may have been a kind of mead, as Robynson takes it. Harrison, in his Description of England, Bk. II. (ed. 1877, p. 161), speaks slightingly of a beverage known by this name, made by the Essex goodwives 'with honi combs and water,' but not to be compared with the true metheglin, with which mead is sometimes identified. The word appears, however, to have been sometimes used in a more general sense, as by Milton, when he represents Eve as preparing to entertain the

be the hed officers and bayliffes of husbandrye, sende woorde to the magistrates of the citie, what numbre of haruest men is nedefull to bee sente to them out of the cytie. The

whiche companye of haruest men,

Quum frumentandi

Mutua opera

quantum ualeat.

mense plerique ad festum diem conueniunt. dies instat, magistratibus urbanis agricolarum phylarchi denunciant, quantum ciuium numerum ad se mitti conueniat; quae multitudo frumentatorum, quum ad ipsum diem opportune adsit, uno prope sereno die tota frumentatione defunguntur.

A

of the cy=

ties and namely of Amaurote.

S for their Cyties, he that knoweth one of them knoweth them all: they be all so lyke one to an other, as ferfurth as the nature of the place permytteth. I wyll descrybe therfore to yowe one or other of them, for it skylleth not greatly whych; but which rather then Amaurote1? Of them all this is the worthiest and of moste dignitie. For the resydwe knowledge it for the head cytie, because there is the councell house. Nor to me any of them al is better beloued, as wherin I lyued fyue hole yeares together.

a who so.

VRB

DE VRBIBVS, AC NOMINA

TIM DE AMAVROTO.

́RBium qui unam norit, omnes nouerit: ita sunt inter se (quatenus loci natura non obstat) omnino similes. Depingam igitur unam quampiam (neque enim admodum refert quam)2. Sed quam potius quam Amaurotum? qua nec ulla dignior est, quippe cui senatus gratia reliquae deferunt, nec ulla mihi notior, ut in qua annos quinque perpetuo uixerim.

Amauroti primariae Vtopiensium urbis descriptio.

The name is evidently derived from ἀμαυρός, dim, whence ἀμαύρωσις, obscuration,' &c. Baumstark, in his Thomas Morus, 1879, p. 90, oddly interprets the word by 'mauerlos,' 'without walls,' though he adds just after that die Stadt ist mit Thürmen, Bollwerken und Mauern befestigt.' A passage in Mr. John Watney's Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acons, 1892, p. 115, shows that

London in More's time, as now, was subject to fogs; and possibly there may have been some thought of this in the author's mind, as his Amaurotum is evidently drawn with reminiscences of London. But most likely the name was only meant to convey the same impression of vagueness or non-existence as Utopia itself.

2 An anglicism.

3 Deferre in the sense of 'defer to,' is

The cytie of Amaurote standeth vpon the syde of a low hill, in fashion almoste four square. For the bredeth of it begynneth a litle benethe the toppe of the hyll, and styll contyneweth by the space of twoo miles vntyll it cum to the ryuer of Anyder. The lenghte of it whiche lyeth by the ryuers syde is sumwhat more.

b

a

The ryuere of Anyder1 rysethe .xxiii. myles aboue Amaurote owte of a lytle sprynge. But beynge increasede by other small floodes and broukes that runne into yt, and amonge othere .ii. sumwhat bygge ons, before the cytye yt ys halfe a myle brode, and farther broder. And .lx. myles beyonde the citye yt falleth into the Ocean sea. By al that space that lyethe betwene the sea and the cytye, and a good sorte of myles also aboue the cytye, the water ebbethe and flowethe .vi. houres togethere wyth a swyfte tyde. Whan the sea flowethe in for the lenghte of xxx. myles, yt fyllethe all the Anyder wyth salte water,

a riuers.

b fortie.

cand certen.

Situm est igitur Amaurotum in leni deiectu montis, figura fere quadrata. Nam latitudo eius paulo infra collis incoepta uerticem, 75 milli bus passuum duobus ad flumen Anydrum pertinet, secundum ripam aliquanto longior.

Anydri fluminis descriptio.

spacio, quod

Oritur Anydrus milibus octoginta supra Amaurotum, modico fonte, sed aliorum occursu fluminum, atque in his duorum etiam mediocrium, auctus, ante urbem ipsam quingentos in latum passus extenditur. Mox adhuc amplior, sexaginta milia prolapsus, excipitur oceano. Hoc toto urbem ac mare interiacet, ac supra urbem quoque aliquot milia, sex horas perpetuas influens aestus ac refluus alternat cèleri flumine. Quum sese pelagus infert, triginta in longum milia, totum Anydri alueum suis occupat

late Latin. The construction probably arose from an ellipse of honorem.

1 Anyder, or rather Anyďrus, ‘AvvEpos, 'waterless,' is a name in keeping with the rest. The description of it, in some particulars, would accord with that of the Thames; and this resem

Idem fit apud Anglos in flumine

Thamysi.

blance is pointed out in the marginal note which follows. But the measurements would not by any means agree. From London Bridge to the Nore is about 45 miles, not 60; and the length of stream above bridge to its source is about 160 miles, not 24.