assembled together, and every man taking a bough in his hand, in order to prevent their being distinguished by the royal party, surprized the King at Swanscomb, as be passed through that county, and forced him to promise them that they should be governed by their ancient laws and customs, which he performed, dissembled his anger at the time, and seemed to be his friend; he first shewed his resentment by being crowned by Aldred, Archbishop of York, instead of Stigand; and when he came into Normandy, under pretence of doing him the greater honour, he took him with him, but the truth was he was afraid to leave him at home, and after he had settled every thing in Normandy, and had returned home, he thought of nothing more than to degrade him; and for this end he sent privately to the Pope, who dispatched three Cardinals into England, to examine, place, or displace the Archbishop and the rest of the English clergy; upon which Stigand fled into Scotland, and after that hid in Ely monastery.

At length a general synod of the clergy being called at Winchester, anno 1070, he was not only deprived but degraded of all his orders and condemned to perpetual imprisonment for these three crimes or rather pretences, first because he held two bishoprics, which was no more than Dunstan and Oswald two of the Pope's saints had done before. The second was because he took the archbishopric of Canterbury unjustly, while Robert was alive, who could not enjoy it when he was banished, neither could he have kept it against the King's will. The third and true reason why the Pope was so unmerciful to him, was, because he received not the pall at the hands of Pope Benedict the VIIIth. whom the Cardinals had deposed, and would not take it again of Leo the IXth, or any other lawful Pope. From the time of his deprivation he was kept his whole life a close prisoner in Winchester,¶

Brady in his Hist. p. 189, &c. says that Stigand took part with the Earls Edwyn and Morcar and others of the nobility who had designed Edgar Atheling their King, but repented, and followed Duke William to Wallingford, and there made peace with him. But this was not forgotten.

+ Brady's Hist. 213. Holingshead p. 829. and Godwin, p. 58. According to Godwin, 1069.

He was under excommunication when the Conqueror was crowned, which that King made use of, as a pretence for not being crowned by him. Tirel's Hist. p. 29.

where he lived very meanly, wanting even common food, being so covetous that he would advance no money out of his vast treasures, which at his death were found under ground, and seized by the King and carried to the treasury.* He was buried at Winchester, in a leaden coffin, placed on the top of the wall on the north side of the presbytery, thus inscribed:

Hic jacet Stigandus Archieopiscopus.

He died the year he was deprived, [1070] "not without suspicion," as Blomefield adds, "of bad usage in his life." Hist. Norfolk. vol. 2, p. 327. I have followed

Mathew of Westminster's date instead of that assigned by Godwin, viz. 1069. The former says, "A. D. 1070, Pascham, apud Wintoniam celebravit ecclesia tota Anglicana, rege procurante. Ibi Stigandus Archiepiscopus degradatus est et Ailmarus frater ejus."

Bishop Godwin defends Stigand. Ordericus and Matthew Paris speak of him in strong terms of censure. The former, at p. 516 says, "perjurii et homicidii inquinatus erat, nec per ostium, archipræsulatum introierat." The latter has these words: "Primò Stigandum perpetuo carceri mancipavit [Gul. Conq. scil.] et merito, quia &c." "Ipse similis arundini ventis agitatæ nunc Regi nunc Anglis videbatur inclinare." Vol. 2, p. 47, line 50. Paris in vol. 1, p. 7, calls him Apostata. Matthew of Westminster distinctly accuses him of Simony: "Stigandus ut avaritiæ propriæ satisfaceret Cantuariensem et Wintoniensem data pecunia thronos ascendit.” See under the year 1038, and also Flores Hist. p. 210, under the same

year.

Richardson, in a note on Godwin respecting the mon umental inscription above recorded by the latter, adds, "Nunc vero hoc modo inscribitur. In hac cista A. D. 1661 promiscue recondita sunt ossa Principum et Prælatorum, sacrilega barbarie dispersa, A.D. 1642."

The following are the notices of this Prelate by William of Malmesbury (Post Bedam de Pont. lib. 1.).

Tunc Stigandus quidam, qui quondam dimisso orientalium Anglorum Episcopatu, sublimiorem gradum meditatus Wintoniensem invaserat, rapuit occasionem desideratam ut innocentis regis simplicitatem circumveniens Archi

* Godwin, p. 84. Willis's Hist. of Convent. 1 pt. 296.

episcopatum septendecim annis tantis honoribus adjunge→ ret; alias sane nec imprudens, nec ineffieax. Cæterum adversus ambitum nihil dignitati suæ consulens, quæcunque posset aliis præripere sibi abscondere, nunquam avaritiam suam moderari: sacros honores Ecclesiarum hos sibi pecunia comparans, istos aliis lingua vendicans: prorsus publicas nundinas en Episcopatibus et Abbatiis faciens, et ibi cupiendi modestiam admittens, ubi quod cuperet deesset. Nonne illud belluinæ rapacitatis dices, quod Wintonia episcopatum et Cantuariæ Archiepiscopatum,* præterea multas Abbatias solus ipse possidebat, quæ singula satis superque sufficirent alicui probo viro? Sed ego conjicio illum non judicio sed errore peccasse, quod homo illiteratus (sicuti plerique et pene omnes tunc temp→ oris Angliæ Episcopi, nesciret quantum delinqueret, rem ecclesiasticorum negotiorum sicut publicorum actitari existimans. Quare nunquam pallium a Roma meruit, quamvis et ibi venalitas multum operetur, nisi quod quidam Benedictus apostolicæ sedis persuasor ipsi misit gratulatus, quod eum quem alii Archiepiscopi ducebant ludibrio, ipse Papam appellasset, Sed illo non multum dejecto, omnia ejus facta evacuata, decretumque consilio salubri non potuisse eum dare legitime pallium qui juste non habuisset Papatum. Non resipuit super his Stigandus sed perstitit, parum cogitans de animarum salute, tantum forensi frueretur honore. Interea Willielmus Comes Normanniæ Angliam veniens armis Provinciam perdomuit cum et Dei permissio suffragaretur et nonnullæ causæ suppeterent, quas non infirmas ipse arbitraretur. Qui cum et belli Hastingensis victoria et castelli Dofrensis deditione terrorem sui nominis sparsisset, Londoniam venit, venienti Stigandus cum potentissimis Anglis processu et favore suo applausit: consertisque loquelis Willielmus eum in patrem et Archiepiscopum, ipse Willielmum in regem recepit et filium. Veruntamen coronam regni de manu ejus Rex detractavit suscipere, astutia qua consueverat, prohibitores ex parte Apostolici subornans. Nec multo post in Normanmian navigans sub velamine honoris illum renitentem secum traxit, ne quid perfidie se absente per ejus authoritatem in Anglia pullularet. Inter quæ difficile dictu est, quantis eum exceperit officiis dignanter ubicunque loco

• What would be have said of Wolsey, had he lived in his time?

rum assurgendo et contra eum in omnibus Episcopatibus Normanniæ et Abbatiis longa serie pompa procedi faciendo. Sed quicquid his tegebatur involucris, erupit in clarum veniente in Angliam Ermenfredo, Seduense Episcopo, Legato Alexandri Papæ, qui ad voluntatem regis, coacto concilio Stigandum deposuit, fidem Willielmi appellantem et violentiam reclamantem. Et quamvis ille se blande excusans preæceptum Papæ objectaret, non tamen in opinionem affectate depositionis exclusit, quod eum toto œvo in vinculis Wintonia habuerit. Ibi ergo Stigandus tenui victu vitam toleravit, quod ei parum de fisco ferebatur, et ipse ingenita mentis duritia nihil de suo inferri pateretur. Quin et hortantibus amicis et præcipere regina Edgitha Edwardi regis relicta, ut se delecatius vestiret et pasceret, per omne sanctum pejerabat non se habere nummum nec valens. Sed huic sacramento solidatem veri abfuisse probavit ingens vis opum post mortem ejus in subterraneis specubus inventarum. Ad quarum indicium ut veniretur, auxilio fuit clavicula collo exanimati dependens, quæ familiaris scrinii esset custos. Ea seræ immissa, manifestavit per cartas inventas et qualitatem metallorum et quantitatem ponderum.

The same writer (Gul, Malm. de gestis reg. lib. 2, p. 82, 1. 28) thus expresses himself: "Invasit continuo illo vivente [Roberto] Stigandus qui erat Epus Wintoniensis Archiepiscopatum Cantuariæ; infamis ambitus pontifex et bonorum ultra debitum appetitor, qui spe throni excelsioris Episcopatum Saxonum Australium deserens Wintoniam insedit, illam quoque eum Archiepiscopatu tenuerit. Quapropter ab Apostolica sede nunquam pallium meruit, nisi quod Benedictus quidam persuasor Apostolatus misit, pecunia scilicet ad persuadendum corruptus vel quod mali gratificantur similibus. Sed ille mox a Nicholao, qui ex Epō Florentiæ legitime Papatum susceperat, expulsus zelo fidelium, indebitum nomen exuit. Stigandus quoque temp. R. Willielmi Conquestoris per Cardinales Romanos degradatus perpetuisque vinculis innodatus, inexplebilis aviditatis nec moriens fecit finem." Rudborne contradicts the assertion of William of Malmesbury above quoted, as to Stigand's being held in chains by King William, and quotes the author De Concordantiis (sub litera S.) as saying that Malmesbury was napping when he said this. William, he says, had him in custody in the castle at Winchester, but within it he had full liberty of person.

Bishops of Winchester, since the Conquest.

I. WALKELIN.

SUCCEEDED A. D. 1070.-DIED A. D. 1098.

This Prelate, who was a Norman by birth, and a cousin of William the Conqueror, had taken his degree of D. D. at Paris, (Rudb.) and was appointed Stigand's successor in 1070, on the day of Pentecost, (Hoveden) being consecrated by Bishop Armenfride the Pope's Legate.

Malmesbury informs us that at his first entering on the See, he conceived a violent disgust towards the monks, whose situations he meant to supply with secular canons; but that afterwards, being induced to alter his opinion, he cherished them as sons, &c. "Deinceps fovens eos ut filios, diligens ut fratres, honorans ut Dominos." Instead' of dislodging them, he set about reforming them, through the means of his brother Simeon, who was chosen their Prior. This Simeon, and his successor Godfrey, as the Annales Wintoniensis record under the year 1082, p. 294, succeeded in inducing them to abstain from flesh meat, and to be content with fish; "Datæ sunt autem eis pisces et abstinuerant a carnibus."

But not to dwell on these silly reformations and fond conceits, we will now pass on to a splendid act of our Prelate, which deservedly immortalizes his name. allude to the rebuilding of Winchester Cathedral in a noble style of architecture, entirely at his own expence, a work which he commenced in 1079 [" Anno MLXXIX Walkelinus Epus a fundamentis Wintoniensem cœpit reœdificare ecclesiam." Annal. Wint. p. 294. "Anno gratiæ 1079 Incipitur renovari ecclesia episcopatus Wintoniæ." Matt. West. p. 228.] The reader will recollect that this re-building of the Cathedral is just 99 years since it had been built by Bishop Ethelwold, for soon after the former erection had been completed, the city fell into the