a hand; maturus, ripe; mittere (missere), to send; mors, death; novus, new; nox, night; omnis, all; ordo, order; pascere (pf. ptc. pastus), to feed; pati (pf. ptc. passus), to suffer; petere, to seek; portare, to carry; radix, a root; regere (pf. ptc. rectus), to rule; scire, to know; sequi (pf. ptc. secutus), to follow; socius, a companion; spirare, to breathe; tangere, to touch; texere, to weave; vanus, empty; videre, to see; vincere (pf. ptc. victus), to conquer; vulgus, the crowd.

Recall English words made from the following Greek roots, and explain each. Make notes in your note-book of those derivatives that are new to you. Anthropos, a man; aster, astron, a star; autos, self; biblos, a book; bios, life; deka, ten; dokein, to think; dunamis, power; eu, well; ge, the earth; graphein, to write; hemi, half; hippos, a horse; homos, the same; kuklos, a circle; monos, alone; orthos, right; pan, all; petra, a rock; philein, to love; phone, a sound; poiein, to make;1 skopein, to see; sophia, wisdom; tele, distant; theos, a god.

Look up and copy into your note-book the origin of the following curious words: Assassin, august, dahlia, dunce, epicure, galvanic, guillotine,

1 A maker of noble verse is called what?

hermetically, January, jovial, July, lynch, March, mentor, panic, phaeton, quixotic, stentorian, tantalize, tawdry. Bayonet, bedlam, copper, damask, dollar, gasconade, gypsy, laconic, lumber, meander, milliner, palace, Utopian. Abominate, adieu, amethyst, apothecary, beldam, capricious, cemetery, cheap, checkmate, cobalt, curmudgeon, dainty, daisy, dismal, emolument, salary, fanatic, gentleman, heretic, inculcate, infant, intoxicated, maidenhair (fern), maxim, nausea, onyx, parlor, Porte (the Sublime Porte), pupil, silly, sincere, tariff, trump (card). Atonement, belfry, brimstone, carouse, counterpane, coward, crayfish, dandelion, dirge, drawing-room, easel, gospel, grove, harbinger, Jerusalem artichoke, line (garments), licorice, nostril, porpoise, quinsy, squirrel, summerset, surgeon, thorough, treacle, trifle, wassail, whole.

Examine the following passages separately. Classify all the words in two columns, one giving those of Saxon derivation, the other those of Latin derivation. Consult the dictionary in case of doubt. Then compare the English of Dr. Johnson with that of Dr. Blackmore. The former is writing in his own person as an eighteenth century scholar; the latter in the person of the stout John Ridd, a seventeenth century youth.

No degree of knowledge attainable by man is able to set him above the want of hourly assistance, or to extinguish the desire of fond endearments, and tender officiousness; and therefore, no one should think it unnecessary to learn those arts by which friendship may be gained. Kindness is preserved by a constant reciprocation of benefits or interchange of pleasures; but such benefits only can be bestowed, as others are capable to receive, and such pleasures only imparted, as others are qualified to enjoy. — DR. JOHNSON: Rambler for July 9, 1751.

When I had travelled two miles or so, conquered now and then with cold, and coming out to rub my legs into a lively friction, and only fishing here and there because of the tumbling water, suddenly, in an open space, where meadows spread about it, I found a good stream flowing softly into the body of our brook. And it brought, so far as I could guess by the sweep of it under my kneecaps, a larger power of clear water than the Lynn itself had; only it came more quietly down, not being troubled with stairs and steps, as the fortune of the Lynn is, but gliding smoothly and forcibly, as if upon some set purpose. - R. D. BLACKMORE: Lorna Doone.

§ 2. Local Usage. Every language has its dialects. In ancient and mediæval times dialects were extremely numerous, because the common people traveled no more than a few miles in a lifetime, and because, therefore, each community gradually fashioned a little language of its own. Modern traveling is gradually doing away with dialects in America, but certain differences in speech still separate different parts of the coun

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try. The New Englander hears with surprise the expression Do like I do" from the lips of his educated Southern guest, and when he travels west hears with even more surprise the curious abbreviations "I want in," "I want out,” "I want up." On the other hand, the Southerner cannot understand what the Yankee means by "forehanded," or by "long-sleeved tire." In parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania a small tin pail is called a "blickey "-from Pennsylvania Dutch blech, meaning tin. Most natives of Chicago never heard the word.

It is at once clear that the person who wishes to appeal to a national public cannot use localisms without danger of failing to communicate his thought. Literary usage cannot be local usage. We are trying to learn literary usage, and we must be on our guard against localisms.

It is out of the question to give a long list of American localisms here. Since no student is likely to use more than a few expressions that are limited in use to his own county or state, it seems best to leave the matter in the hands of the individual instructor.

A few of the grosser localisms may be given, by way of example. The following words are not recognized throughout the nation in the

sense specified: allow for think, believe, etc.; calculate for think, suppose; clever for kindly, etc.; complected for complexioned; disremember for do not remember; kind of for rather; heavylike, etc., for apparently heavy, seemingly heavy, rather heavy, etc.; locate for settle; middling for fairly, etc.; nothing like, nowhere near, for not nearly; quite some for a good deal, etc.; raise for rear; says I for said I; wouldn't wish for for don't care for; a sight for a great deal, etc.; unbeknown to for unknown to, or without the knowledge of; want in, up, etc., for want to come in, etc.

EXERCISE 71. (Oral.) Correct the following sentences by substituting for the localisms the most appropriate correct forms you can think of:

1. I allow it'll rain, though Josiah calc'lated it wouldn't, and I reckon he's gen❜lly right about the weather:

2. He looked kind of sick; his eyes looked heavy-like and his skin was quite some yellow, though he's naterally a bad-complected man.

"Middling,"

3. "How's crops this year?" says I. says he; "a'most as good as in '77, though I disremember if that was the year that was so good. It was the year our John took sick with the inflammation of the spine of the back. He was a smart but a spindling child, and we 'lowed we'd sca'se raise him."

4. "Please pass up the butter. Won't you have some, Mr. Caleb?" "No, thank you, I wouldn't wish for any,