EXERCISE 65. A. (Oral.) Correct the pleo

nasms.

1. a. They were termed as rivals. b. Gurth tended to the swine.

c. There was not one of them came.

d. Charles I broke all of his promises.

e. Charles II was almost equally as bad.

f. When we started out we did not intend to stay only a little while.

g. Although Wamba was a jester or a fool, and Gurth was a swineherd, they were good friends.

h. There was a cow grazing down near the river, with her bell going ding-dong, ding-dong, constantly.

i. The trade with America has, between 1764 and 1772, grown from one-half of England's entire trade to being one-third.

2. a. The lava is not hard yet, so that you can walk on it; for if you do you will smell leather burning.

b. Both Rebecca and Rowena were alike beautiful. c. The cave was a beautiful sight, both inside and outside of it.

d. Has it got your initials on it?

e. The hills are visible for miles away.

f. There are hundreds of windows in every part of

the cathedral.

g. It is a building of about seventeen stories in height. h. Every second there are thousands of tons of water which go pouring over the falls of Niagara.

i. Are there any apple trees on the place? Not that I remember of.

j. The lover of history, romance, and art, will always look upon Canterbury with reverent awe and respect.

k. It will be almost impossible for Automedon to

escape from the horses without some injury, and probably a fatal one.

1. When a storm has spent itself again, you can often see the lightning still.

3. a. The man was a hero, and his name is worthy enough to be published.

b. His style is very concise, and so much so that at times it is vague.

c. Satan was king of the fallen spirits, but for all this they and he were all united in a common misfortune which put them all on a common footing.

d. Some of his thoughts we can find expressed in nearly the same manner in some of the poems of preceding writers.

e. Charles was a man who when he wanted anything from parliament he would make all kinds of promises which he never intended to keep.

EXERCISE 65. B. (Oral.) Correct tautology in the following sentences.

1. a. We boys sat up and talked till midnight, but still we hated to turn in, for it was so very hot.

b. Moloch was actuated by feelings of hatred.

c. It was a lonely place, and the loneliness added more fuel to my fear.

d. The temperature was so high that we could not stay in the car, it was so hot and close.

e. To judge from its appearance, the porch was very comfortable looking.

f. The tender love with which Mary regards the babe shows how much she loves it.

g. There are also some very fine heavy horses, which would make fine horses for drawing heavy loads.

h. The cawing of a crow was audible at a great distance, for the serenity of the place did not prevent noises from being heard afar off.

i. The sight from the car was so beautiful that it made me feel as if I wished I were there already.

2. a. The causes of this fierce spirit of liberty in the colonies may be attributed to six reasons.

b. They are very vigorous poems and full of energy, which gives them force.

c. The two poems abound in many witty sayings.

d. Though I do not wish to cast reproach upon the preceding Parliament, nevertheless at the same time it is notorious that it has kept America in turmoil.

e. Mary was a Catholic, and her reason for executing so many persons was on account of her religious belief. f. The efficacy of this mild and excellent law depends upon its mildness.

g. The reason for believing this is because it is probable.

h. Happily, by a merciful combination of fortuitous circumstances, not a life was lost, although it was only by the narrowest chance that an appalling disaster was averted.

Shakespere, means to go since become used with

i. "Prevent," as used by before, or anticipate. It has almost the opposite meaning. "Let," as used in Shakspere, has a meaning similar to that of "prevent," as used in its present sense. By a singular transformation of time both "let" and "prevent," which had opposite meanings in Shakspere's time, have each come to have the opposite meaning to that which they had at that time, as in Shakspere's time “let” meant the very opposite of what it means now. The same is the case with "prevent." And as "let" and "prevent' were opposites in Shakspere, so by meaning the opposite to

what they did then they are still opposite at the present time.

EXERCISE 66. (Written.) Give the following exposition a more concise form, omitting all unnecessary words, and reducing roundabout clauses to phrases or single words. The passage should be reduced from 185 words to 100.

The case of Miss Marlowe, who was a young actress who died at a recent date while she was on the stage of a theatre located in the city of New York, and the performance was going on, has called the attention of the public to the nervous strain which is so peculiar, and which always attends the life that an actor leads. In the case of many persons who act, the occupation which they profess is a constant interplay of all that excites and all that exhausts; and it often happens that the engagements such a person has made must be kept, no matter what the conditions of the health of the person who acts may be; for there is no manager who can afford to depend on those persons who are merely substitutes. And although there are hundreds of persons who try to see if they are able to live by the histrionic profession, there are not more than a few who win an income of such adequate size that it permits those who win it to lay by from their labors for repairs.

EXERCISE 67. (Written.) Revise your five themes with reference to pleonasm, tautology, and circumlocution. If your sentences have been well unified you will find comparatively little circumlocution.

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§ 7. Reference. - If the words of the sentence are coherently arranged and no unwarranted ellipses permitted, there will be comparatively little trouble in determining the reference of words. Pronouns and adverbs will stand near to the nouns and verbs which they modify, and their allegiance will thus be clear.

But sometimes a wrong reference is due, not so much to bad order of words, as to careless choice of the reference word.

EXERCISE 68. (Oral.) Select more definite expressions of reference than those italicized:

1. The Cyclops in rage broke off a piece of a hill and threw it where the sound came from, which hit the rudder.

2. "Therefore," said Burke, referring to England and America, "as long as the ocean lies between us, our power is weakened."

3. Milton recognized the benefits which would be derived from a free press and unfettered private judgment, and accordingly labored for it.

4. When Milton saw a wrong he wrote against it so strongly that other people took up the crusade, whereupon Milton went on to the next.

5. The colonists already owned much more land than was occupied, which could not be taken from them.

6. The Indians were determined to slay the English if they could, and despite the orders of Montcalm several were murdered before the march to Fort Edward began.

7. Antonio, having entered, says to Shylock that he neither borrows nor lends, but that this time he will do so for his friend.