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HALF TRUTHS AND THE TRUTH.

LECTURES

ON THE

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PREVAILING FORMS OF UNBELIEF,
CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THE NATURE AND
CLAIMS OF THE CHRISTIAN SYSTEM.

BY

REV. J. M. MANNING, D. D.,

PASTOR OF THE OLD SOUTH CHURCHI, BOSTON, AND LECTURER ON THE
RELATIONS OF CHRISTIANITY TO POPULAR INFIDELITY

AT ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

THECA

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is Jesus Christ.

Other foundation can no man lay than that is at, which

1 COR. iii. 11.

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LONDON:

DICKINSON AND HIGHAM,

73 (LATE 92) FARRINGDON STREET.

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CONTENTS.

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The Alexandrine masters.- Plotinus.

Aristotle. Xenophanes the Eleatic..

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Pythagoras. Hylozoists and others.- The Orientals. - Egyptian specula-

tion. Primitive monotheism.

The Greeks. Testimony

from Egypt.- Conclusion of Naville. - Origin of Fetichism. - The Totem of
the Indians. Spinoza our starting-point. - Vagueness before him. Course
of religious thought sketched. - Spinoza's system the receptacle. — Claims
of Bruno. Intellectual activity of the age favorable to Spinoza. The Ref-
ormation. Bacon. The Pilgrim Fathers. - Richelieu and Cromwell.
The Dutch. -Locke. - Newton. -
Triumphs of science. - Mathematics. —
Astronomy. - Optics. Literature of the seventeenth century. - Theology.—
Religious writers.- Divine purpose.

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Definition of pantheism. - How it differs from theism and atheism.- Wherein

atheism and pantheism agree. — Language of pantheists often ambiguous. —

Many names for one thing. - Knowledge of Spinozism which the purpose

of this work requires.. Descartes was Spinoza's guide. -This doubted. -

Opinion of Saisset. - Parentage of Descartes. Early purpose. — Criterion

of truth. Not original with Descartes. - Testimony as to Descartes' posi-

tion. Four main points in Cartesianism. -"I think, therefore I am."— Crit-

icism of Gassendi and Huxley.. - Descartes to be taken as he understood

himself. The Cartesian method. - Descartes' first step. - A foothold for

Spinozism. -The recognition of Reid's doctrine of necessary truths would

have saved Descartes. - The Cartesian argument for the divine existence

favors Spinozism. The argument for a God which now tends to prevail. —

Descartes only seems to anticipate this. - - How his argument legitimates

pantheism. The Cartesian method aids the tendency to pantheism. - The

tendency further strengthened by his denial of second causes. - Spinoza's

logic faultless. The premises of pantheism untenable. The central posi-

tion of Spinozism. The dogmatic result. -Three kinds of knowledge. —

Some account of the Ethics. - Subject of the Second Part. - Of Part Third.

-Of Part Fourth. - Of Part Fifth. Of the First Part. -Definitions.

Axioms. - A demonstration. Perfection of superstructure. Two attri-

butes of substance. - Bearing on question of immortality. -Fatalism.

The a-priori philosophy not to be judged by Spinozism. - - Malebranche. -

Leibnitz.-The safeguard.

74-110

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A reaction. - Empiricism. This movement to be passed over for the present.

- Revival of Spinozism.- What is here attempted. — Relation of Leibnitz

to the new movement. - The Leibnitz-Wolfian philosophy.— Kant's earlier

views. -

The need of a critic suggested by Hume. Critique of the pure

reason. Relation of the reason to the understanding. - Space and time

forms of the reason. The categories of the understanding. — Ideas of the

reason. What they are. Their subjective nature. Where this critique

leaves us. - Kant's plan broader than this sphere of the reason. - Another

faculty.-Function of the practical reason. — Result not satisfactory. - Cri-

tique of the judgment. The object not attained. — Three distinct tendencies

in Kant.

Jacobi. His mystical tendency. - Argues against

Kant's first critique.. The thinkers of his time not with him. - The inter-

view with Lessing. - Character of Jacobi. — Hegel's criticism. Fichte. -

Thought-activity the only knowable thing. - The non-ego. A product of

the ego.

The alternative of atheism or pantheism. - Accused of atheism. —

Becomes a pantheist. — Unlike Spinoza. - The true wisdom. - Fichte's pan-
theism considered defective. - Schelling. - Grand objection to Fichte.
Schellingian doctrine of knowledge. How Schelling reaches the position
of the pantheist. - His system described. - Agreement with Spinoza. -
Three potences. - How they work in the evolution of spirit.— Distinction
between nature and spirit. How Schelling would account for Christianity.
-The spirit of Schelling's system.. -Short continuance of this school of
pantheism. Schelling and Edgar A. Poc. -Culminated in Hegel. - The
best refutation of error its clear statement. - An anachronism. - Hegel.-
The absolute idea. - Use of Kant's antinomies. The logical movement. —
Natural philosophy. - Philosophy of spirit. Its theological result. — Hegel
and Kant.- Consequences of the system. - Strauss.- Schleiermacher. - Net
result.- Lesson of the survey now taken. - Testimony of Müller. 111-149

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Philosophy and religion inseparable. This more manifest in the a-priori
philosophy.-Two uses of the word "religion."- When pantheism is a
religion. Religions to which pantheism may be applied. Re-statement of

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