80. slalom, schuss. Skiing terms. Slalom is to ski in a zigzag course (a course with short, sharp-angled turns) between upright obstacles (such as flags); also a race in which this is done. Schuss is fast, direct downhill skiing, or a course for this.

81. shush: a sound (also shh) uttered to tell someone to be quiet; also, a verb meaning to do this. Here the speaker is responding to the first speaker's mispronunciation of schuss (/šus/) as /šuš/, playing with the word shush (/šǝš/), mispronouncing it also as /šuš/.

82. slush: partially melted snow or ice.

SOME NOTES ON SPEECH VARIETIES

Below are identified the regional dialects of some of the speakers heard on the record. A number of the features of regional speech patterns are described. We are grateful to Dennis Preston for listening to the record and helping us identify these features.

1. Sanford Ungar. Notice his pronunciation of Mary's (in The Bells of Saint Mary's) as [meriz]. Like the majority of Americans, he does not differentiate the stressed vowel in Mary, merry, and marry. Some southern speakers differentiate the first [meri] from the second and third [meri]; and many New York City speakers differentiate all three, as [meri], [meri], and [mærı], respectively.

2. Jeanne Bernkopf. New York City speech, as shown by the raising of [o] toward [o] in such words as saw, lost, short, and warmest; and by the omission of the fricative [h] at the onset of human [yumǝn].

3. Talk-Show Host. Notice his pronunciation of the stressed vowels in how and Bogart as [a] and [AU], respectively; varieties illustrated below have other vowels.

4. Dooley Wilson. Southern speech characterized by the vowel [1] in the second syllable and lack of "r" in the final syllable of remember; also the typical southern pronunciation of things as [0e'nz] instead of the more widely distributed [Oiŋz].

5. John Rudolph. A typical south midlands accent, as shown by the vowel of now as [æ] instead of [a]; the pronunciation of four (in the phrase 1884) as [for] instead of [for]; the raising of [e] to [1] in entered; the quite wide diphthong [e] instead of [e] in danger, campaign, etc.; and the minimal diphthongization of [a] in while, organizers, and inscribed. Most of these characteristics differentiate his speech from what might loosely be termed "general northern" speech.

6. Lee Iacocca. An east-coast midlands variety of American speech. That it is not the speech of New York City or New England is shown particularly by his pronunciation of the first vowel in parent as [e] rather than [æ]. Another feature: the diphthong [æ] in now, as contrasted with the more general [a] (see No. 3 TalkShow Host). Notice, too, his casual pronunciation of hundred as [hanǝrt] instead of the more formal [hɅndrǝd].

7. Arlene Blum. Basically north midlands or inland northern urban speech. Notice the tendency to use the diphthong [e] instead of normal [A] for the o in go, know, snowy. Note also the tendency for [5] to go toward [a] in such words as longest and walk. (The lowering of [ɛ] toward [æ] in such words as Tibet, Tibetan, ten, west, guessed, etc., is also prominent, and is common in northern urban areas, e.g., Chicago.)

8. Susan Stamberg. Educated New York City speech, as shown by the raising of [5] toward [o] in walking, Nepal, fall, and stall; also by the raising of [æ] toward [ɛ] to some extent in task, and to a much greater extent in bad. An interesting phenomenon illustrated by this speaker is the fact that certain characteristics of New York City speech not evident, or minimally evident, in formal situations become more obviously apparent in casual speech. This would account for the more prominent raising of [æ] toward [e] and of [5] toward [o] in the latter part of the "Cold Words" segment as compared to the speech in the more formal interview with Arlene Blum.

The five "listening" pieces on the recorded disc in this issue are segments of radio broadcasts produced by National Public Radio. Since its incorporation in 1969, NPR has provided innovative, technically excellent, informative, and entertaining programs to public radio stations throughout the United States. These public radio stations, unlike the much more numerous commercial stations, carry no advertisements. They are, rather, financially supported by voluntary contributions from individuals and corporations, as well as by grants from government agencies.

Based in Washington, D.C., NPR's News and Information Department has bureaus in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles, and an editorial office in London, as well as information-gathering resources among its member stations and a broad network of independent resources. The News and Information De

partment produces two major daily news and feature series: Morning Edition and a late-afternoon show, All Things Considered. These shows present a blend of news reports, stories about national and international events, business and economics analyses, sports, and human interest and arts features. The segments on the FORUM record are from All Things Considered.

In addition to these shows, NPR produces teaching units for secondary schools; radio dramas; a number of music series, including opera and other classical music, folk and contemporary music, and jazz; and numerous special productions.

NPR has won almost every major award afforded the radio medium, including the highly prized Prix Italia.

The FORUM staff is especially grateful to NPR's Margot McGann and Evan Roth for their invaluable assistance in obtaining the material on our record.

"I was given courage, a sense of adventure, and a little bit of humor. I have had a wonderful life." So Ingrid Bergman (1915-1982) summed up her life and career. From the time she was a small child there was no question in her mind where her career should be: on the stage and in front of a camera. She was blessed with almost instant success from the time she took the first steps toward her career at the Royal Dramatic School in Stockholm, the city of her birth.

It was the Swedish movie Intermezzo that brought her to the attention of Hollywood and launched her career in American films with the English version of that film in 1939. She ultimately won three Academy Awards for Gaslight, Anastasia, and Murder on the Orient Express (the last as a supporting actress)and was nominated for several performances (in For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Bells of Saint Mary's, and Joan of Arc). It was perhaps fitting that the last motion picture she made was Swedish director Ingmar Bergman's Autumn Sonata.

The number and variety of productions in which Bergman appeared is suggested by the following list: In Sweden: Munkbrogreven, Swedenhielms, En Kvinnas Ansikte, etc.

On the stage: Liliom (1940), Anna Christie (1941), Joan of Lorraine (1947), Tea and Sympathy (Paris, 1956), Hedda Gabler (Paris, 1962), A Month in the Country (London, 1965), More Stately Mansions (1967-68), Captain Brassbound's Conversion (1971), The Constant Wife (1973-75), Waters of the Moon (London, 1977-78).

In films: Intermezzo (1939), Adam Had Four Sons (1940), Rage in Heaven (1941), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941), Casablanca (1942), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943), Gaslight (1944), Saratoga Trunk (1945), Spellbound (1945), The Bells of Saint Mary's (1946), Notorious (1946), Arch of Triumph (1947), Joan of Arc (1948), Under Capricorn (1948), Stromboli (1950), Anastasia (1957), Elena et les Hommes (1958), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958), Indiscreet (1958), Goodbye Again (1961), The Visit (1963), The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), Cactus Flower (1970), A Walk in the Spring Rain (1970), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), Autumn Sonata (1978). On television: A Woman Called Golda (1982).

Opera: Joan of Arc at the Stake (1954).

Early in 1884, the head of the Statue of Liberty rose above the rooftops of Paris. On July 4 (the anniversary of American independence), with great ceremony, the completed statue, conceived and fashioned by French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, was presented to the United States by the people of France as a symbol of Franco-American friendship. In May, 1885, the 151-foot (46-meter) statue, dismantled and packed in mammoth wooden crates, sailed from Rouen for Bedloe's Island, in New York Harbor, where, in a ceremony on October 28, 1886, it was officially unveiled.

Centennial celebrations commemorating the statue's one hundredth birthday will begin in the United States early in 1984 and continue through 1986. The focal point of the celebration will be the week of July 4, 1986, involving a huge assembly of Tall Ships in New York Harbor, special July Fourth parades, and a spectacular fireworks display. During the summer of 1985, a 100-day International Festival will be held in tribute to the nation's cultural and ethnic background.

Although not at first related to the concept of immigration, the fact that the statue was the first sight viewed by immigrants who came to the United States by ship from Europe, and its proximity to Ellis Island, the country's major immigration station from 1892 until 1954, soon forged a mental and emotional link between the statue and the millions of immigrants. This link was given literary expression in Emma Lazarus's poem, "The New Colossus," written in 1883, and inscribed on a bronze plaque which was added to the statue in 1903:

THE NEW COLOSSUS

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,

With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand

A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name

Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand

Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.1 "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

1. Brooklyn was incorporated as a city in 1834 and did not become a borough of New York City until 1898. Therefore, at the time this poem was written (1883) Brooklyn and New York City (Manhattan Island) were separate cities framing New York Harbor. The Brooklyn Bridge connecting Brooklyn and Manhattan (across the East River) was completed in 1883, the same year as the poem.

American poet and essayist Emma
Lazarus (1849-1887) was born in
New York City, and published her
first book, including poems and
translations, while still in her teens. At
the age of twenty-one she pub-
lished Admetus and Other Poems,
which she inscribed to Ralph Wal-
do Emerson. Among her other works

are a prose romance (Alide) based on Goethe's autobiography (praised by Russian writer Ivan Turgenev); Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine; a drama, The Dance to Death; and a series of prose poems, By the Waters of Babylon.

Above: Arlene Blum

Right: Arlene Blum (standing, right) with the American Women's Himalayan Expedition, which climbed Annapurna I in 1978

Arlene Blum

Arlene Blum is at once a unique example of individual achievement and a notable representative of her generation of the particular time and place in which she lives. Born in Davenport, Iowa, in 1945, educated at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of California (Ph.D. in biophysical chemistry, 1971), Dr. Blum has taught and done research in biological and biophysical chemistry at Stanford University, Wellesley College, and the University of California.

She had her first taste of mountaineering when, as an undergraduate at Reed College studying chemistry, she climbed Mount Hood in Oregon, then Popocatepetl in Mexico, to collect and analyze the volcanic gases they emitted. Since then she has climbed more than 300 peaks in various parts of the world, many of them first ascents, and has served as leader for a number of the expeditions. Her book, Annapurna, a Woman's Place (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1980), a record of the all-woman expedition that she led in a record-making first American ascent, and first ascent by a woman of that peak, has been described as "probably... unsurpassed as an anatomy of a Himalayan climb."

Dr. Blum's enthusiasm for mountaineering, her admiration for the mountain people she has come to know during her treks in the Himalayas, and her encouragement for women-and all people of all ages to expand their horizons, realize their potential, and prove their courage and endurance have been an inspiration to many. Of the Himalayan people she has said, "These high mountain people are some of the friendliest people I've met anywhere in the world, with a great sense of humor, a lot of dignity-and a very strong sense of family and respect for elders that 'modern society' seems in danger of losing." Her

interests, in addition to Himalayan peoples and culture, mountaineering, rock climbing, and biochemistry, include also marathon running and scuba diving. EXPEDITIONS

1981-82 Great Himalayan Traverse: 2,400-mile trek across Himalayan regions of Bhutan, Nepal, and India; first Americans, first woman to traverse the Himalaya

1980 India: Garwhal Himalaya Brigupanth (22,300 ft.); first ascent, leader, Joint Indian-American Women's Expedition

1978 Nepal: Annapurna (26,300 ft.); leader, first all-woman expedition, first American ascent, first ascent by a woman, North American altitude record for women

1977 Nepal: Reconnaissance of Annapurna. Ecuador: Chimborazo (20,500 ft.), Cotopaxi (19,600 ft.). Nepal: Mt. Everest (to 24,500 ft.)

1975 India: Garwhal Himalayas, Trisul (23,360 ft.) 1974 USSR: Pamirs, Peak Lenin (to 22,000 ft.) 1972 Uganda: Ruenzori (5 peaks). Kenya: Mt. Kenya, Mt. Kilimanjaro. Kashmir: Tuliyen (16,000 ft.), Brama (17,000 ft.), Vishnu (16,000 ft.) (all probable first ascents). Afghanistan: Korpust-i-Yakni (18,300 ft.), Asp-e-Safed (21,300 ft.), Noshaq (to 23,700 ft.). Nepal: Tesi Lapcha Pass