the Turkish jurisdiction has offered a fertile field for varying policy.

The establishment of Belgium as a neutral state by the treaty to which Belgium was itself a party afforded another example of the influence of the Great Powers.

Since 1839 Egypt has also been subject to frequent control by the Great Powers.

Since 1885 the unappropriated portion of Africa has been brought into the range of action of the Concert by the theory of the sphere of influence.

The Concert of the Great Powers shows then a policy which is liable to change with expediency. The two great treaties of the Concert are those of Paris, 1856, and Berlin, 1878. Of these Holland says, "The treaties of Paris and of Berlin thus resemble one another, in that both alike are a negation of the right of any one Power, and an assertion of the right of the Powers collectively, to regulate the solution of the Eastern question." The fact that the action of the Great Powers has been regarded as binding and tacitly accepted in Europe in certain questions in the East, Egypt, Greece, and Belgium does not give the sanction of international law to the action. The most that can be said is that it is an alliance of a loose character, whose authority is in proportion to the force behind its decisions.2

1

(2) Another feature in European politics giving rise to further inequalities in practice was introduced by the alliance of Germany and Austria in 1879 and Italy in 1883, which is now commonly known as the Triple Alliance. This belt of powers separating Eastern from

1 "European Concert in the Eastern Question,” p. 221.
2 Lawrence," Disputed Questions," V.

Western Europe has materially affected the action of other powers.

The "friendly understanding" between France and Russia soon after the Triple Alliance affords a measure of counter-check upon the action of the other powers.

In spite of all these alliances and counter-alliances, the recognition of the weight of the decisions of the congresses and conferences of the Great Powers upon those subjects which are held to affect "the peace of Europe" have an influence comparable to that which might be assigned to a "Supreme Court of International Appeal." 1

The United States upon the American continent in its enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine, and the subsequent interpretation of it, has assumed a position as arbiter among the American states in some respects similar to that of the European Concert among the European states. This attitude of the United States has weight in international practice, but cannot be regarded as a part of international law.

1 Lawrence, “Disputed Questions,” V., end.

CHAPTER XI

JURISDICTION

45. JURISDICTION IN GENEral.

46. TERRITORIAL DOMAIN AND JURISDICTION.

47. METHOD OF ACQUISITION.
(a) Discovery.

(b) Occupation.
(c) Conquest.

(d) Cession.

(1) Transfer by gift.

(2) Transfer by exchange.
(3) Transfer by sale.

(4) Cession of jurisdiction.

(e) Prescription.

(f) Accretion.

48. QUALIFIED JURISDICTION.

(a) Protectorates.

(b) Sphere of influence.

49. MARITIME AND FLUVIAL JURISDICTION.

50. RIVERS.

(a) Which traverse only one state. (b) Flowing through two or more states. (c) Under jurisdiction of two states. 51. THE NAVIGATION OF RIVERS.

52. ENCLOSED WATERS.

(a) Wholly enclosed.

(b) Gulfs, bays, estuaries.

(c) Straits: Danish Sounds, Dardanelles.

(d) Canals: Suez, Panama, Nicaraguan, Corinth, Kiel.

53. THE THREE-MILE LIMIT.

54. FISHERIES.

(a) Deep sea.

(b) Canadian.

(c) Bering Sea.

55. VESSELS.

(a) Classes.

(1) Public.

(2) Private.

(b) Nationality.

(c) Jurisdiction.

(1) Public.

(2) Private.

(3) Semi-public.

56. PERSONAL, General

NATIONALITY.

57. NATURAL-BORN SUBJECTS.

58. FOREIGN-BORN SUBJECTS.

59. ACQUIRED NATIONALITY.
(a) By marriage.
(b) By naturalization.
(c) By annexation of territory.
(d) Effect of naturalization.
(e) Incomplete naturalization.

60. JURISDICTION OVER ALIENS.
(a) Over subjects abroad.
(1) Emigration laws.

(2) Recall of citizens.

(3) Penal jurisdiction.
(4) Protection of subjects.

(b) Over aliens within territory.

(1) Exclusion.

(2) Expulsion.

(3) Conditional admission.

(4) Settlement.
(5) Taxes.

(6) Sanitary and police jurisdiction.
(7) Penal jurisdiction.

(8) Maintenance of public order.

(9) Military service.

(10) Freedom of commerce.

(11) Holding property.

(12) Freedom of speech and worship

(c) Passports.

61. EXEMPTIONS FROM JURISDICTION - GENERAL.

62. SOVEREIGNS.

63. STATE OFFICERS.

(a) Diplomatic agents.

(b) Consuls.

(c) Army.

(d) Navy.

64. SPECIAL EXEMPTIONS.

(a) In Oriental countries.

(1) Penal matters.

(2) Civil matters.

(b) In Egypt.

65. EXTRADITION.

(a) Persons liable.

(b) Limitations.

(c) Conditions.

(d) Procedure.

66. SERVITUdes.

(a) International.

(b) General.

§ 45. Jurisdiction in General

Jurisdiction is the right to exercise state authority, and for the purposes of international law may be classified as, (a) territorial or land jurisdiction, (b) fluvial and maritime, and (c) jurisdiction over persons.