and the like." Many of these names are still preserved, but not applied to streets in the same position as those of Penn's time.

In the first ten months after his arrival fourscore houses had been erected, and up to the time of his coming away, which was about a year more, "the Town advanced to three hundred and fifty-seven houses; divers of them large, well built, with good cellars, three stories, and some with Belconies."

There is also a fair Key of about three hundred foot square, built by Samuel Carpenter, to which a ship of five hundred Tuns may lay her broadside, and others intend to follow his example. We have also a Ropewalk made by B. [Benjamin] Wilcox." This ropewalk was on the north side of Vine, above Front street, and gave the name to Cable Lane, a street running north, afterward called New Market street, and the northern portion of it Budd street.

He stated, also, that nearly every useful trade was represented; that there were two markets every week and two fairs every year; seven ordinaries, where a good meal could be had for sixpence, "after nine at night the officers go the rounds" and empty the bars of "Publick Houses;" some vessels had been built, and many boats; divers Brickeries going on; convenient mills; and, with their "Garden Plats," "Fish of the river, and their labor," the countryman "lives comfortably."

"The advance of Value upon every man's Lot. . . . the worst

without any improvement upon it, is worth four times more than it was when it was lay'd out, and the best forty."

He describes the country settlements of townships or villages, each of five thousand acres in square, and of ten families, one family to each five hundred acres; the village in the centre, the houses either opposite or opposite to the middle betwixt two houses over the way, for near neighborhood. Before the doors of the houses lies the highway, with his land running back from it. Before he left he had settled fifty, and visited many of them, and found many farms with substantial improvements.

His accounts of the "Produce of the Earth, of our Waters, and of Provision in Generall," were most glowing, showing great plenty and consequent cheapness. Grain produced from thirtyto sixty-fold; the land required less seed; all the corn and roots of England would grow, including the Spanish potato, which we now call the sweet potato; cattle were fed easily; grass-seed would grow as well as at home; as also all English fruits, as well as peaches, melons, and grapes.

Of the fish, "mighty Whales roll upon the coast, near the mouth of the Bay of Delaware;" sturgeon play continually and plentifully, and are much liked; "Alloes, as they call them in France, the Jews Allice, and our ignorants Shads, are excellent fish and of the bigness of our largest Carp," and "so plentiful; so plentiful;" "Rock

are somewhat rounder and larger, also a whiter fish," "often barrelled like Cod;" the sheepshead, the drum, and lesser fish; and the herring, "they almost shovel them up in their tubs;" also "Oysters, Cockles, Cunks (?), Crabs, Mussels, and Mannanoes" (?).

Provisions were so plenty marketers would frequently carry back their produce; beef, twopence; pork, twopence halfpenny; veal and mutton, threepence per pound; wheat, four shillings; rye, three; barley, two and sixpence; corn, two and six; and oats, two shillings per bushel; and some farmers have from twenty to fifty acres in corn. Stock was increasing fast; a good cow and calf was worth three pounds, a pair of oxen eight pounds, and a breeding mare five pounds. Fish, six shad or rocks, were worth twelve pence, salt fish three farthings a pound, and oysters at two shillings per bushel-the shilling sterling rating at fifteen pence in this country.

For drink they had beer of molasses well boiled with sassafras or spruce pine in it, and punch of rum and water; and a little later William Frampton, "an able man," established the first malt brewery, on Front street between Walnut and Spruce streets.

For trading they had wine, linen, hemp, potashes, whale oil, provisions for the West Indies, lumber, sturgeon, tobacco, furs and skins, and iron.

Of the Indians he says: "We have lived in great friendship. I have made seven purchases, and in Pay and Presents they have received at least Twelve hundred pounds of me."

To the adventurers he mentions the time of passage, from one to four months, though the usual passage was from four to nine weeks, according to wind and weather.

Penn also quotes a letter from Robert Turner, which gives many interesting particulars. He says: "There are about six hundred houses in three years' time; his was the first brick house (west side of Front, below Arch); bricks were as cheap as timber, sixteen shillings per thousand." He mentions among the first to follow his example Arthur Cook, on Front, east side below Walnut; William Frampton, a house, brew-house, and bake-house, of brick, on Front, east side below Walnut; John Wheeler, from New England, on Front, west side below Walnut, by the Blue Anchor; Samuel Carpenter, Front, west side above Walnut; John Test, north-east corner of Third and Chestnut; Nathaniel Allen, Front, west side above Chestnut, next to Thomas Wynne's; John Day, a good house after the London fashion, of brick, with large front shop-windows, Front, west side between Arch and Race; Humphrey Murray, from New York, a large timber-house, with brick chimneys. Robert Turner himself built another brick house by his own on Front street, west side, below Arch, of "three large stories high, besides a good large brick cellar under it, of two bricks and a half thickness in the wall, and the next story half under ground; the cellar hath an Arched Door (for a Vault to go

under the street) to the River, and so to bring in goods or deliver out."

He adds: "Thomas Smith and Daniel Pege are partners, and set to making of Brick this year, and they are very good; also, Pastorus, the German Friend, Agent for the Company at Frankford, with his Dutch People, are preparing to make Brick next year. Samuel Carpenter is our Lime-burner on this Wharf. Brave Limestone found here, as the Workmen say, being proved. We build most houses with Belconies. Lots are much desir'd in the Town, great buying one of another. We are now laying the foundation of a large plain Brick house, for a Meeting House, in the center (sixty foot long and about forty foot broad), and hope to have it soon up, many hearts and hands at Work that will do it. A large Meeting House, fifty foot long and thirty-eight foot broad, also going up, on the front of the River, for an evening Meeting; the work going on apace." This was afterward known as the Bank Meeting-House, and was on Front street between Race and Vine.

About the same time as the appearance of Penn's pamphlet, Thomas Budd, a Friend, who built "Budd's Row" of houses near the Blue Anchor, corroborated the statements of Penn in a work he published in London in 1685, entitled "Good Order Established in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in America, being a True Account of the country, with its Produce and Commodities there made, by Thomas Budd." This rare book was reprinted by Mr. Gowans of New York, with ample notes by the late Edward Armstrong. Like Penn, he speaks of the many and varied products, but he goes farther and makes many valuable suggestions for trade and educational improvement. Amongst others, he suggests the manufacture of wines, beer, ale, and rum, which with flour and biscuit, pork and bacon, and horses, he suggested should be sent to Barbadoes to make export trade, and receiving back, among other articles, cotton wool, to be manufactured here. His ideas for public schools, storage-houses, banks, and public granaries were excellent, though far ahead of his time; many of them were subsequently adopted.

The storage-houses were for storing flax, hemp, and linen cloth; certificates of deposit were to be issued which would pass current as money. The schools were to be established and maintained at public expense, the rent or income of one thousand acres for each school to help defray the expenses. Two hours in the morning were to be devoted to study, two to work, two to dine and for recreation; two hours of the afternoon for study and two for work. The work to consist of learning some useful trade by the boys, and spinning, knitting, sewing, making straw-work, and other useful arts by the girls. The bank was to loan money, on mortgage or pledges of houses and lands, at eight per cent.; to be an office of registry for all bills and bonds, which should

be transferable by assignment, and for houses and lands. At this time there were no banks known for loan or circulation, nor was even the Bank of England in existence; nor was there any system of registry known, the purchaser depending only on the title-deeds. The public granaries were for storing grain, so that destruction or damages by rats and mice should be prevented. Negotiable certificates of deposit were to be issued. The cost of storing, sixpence per annum for the quarter of eight bushels.

In 1686 the Assembly met 10th day 3d mo. (May) in the Bank Meeting-House, in Front street between Race and Vine streets, and the Council most probably in the "Letitia House," in Market street above Front. (For a description of these two houses see the latter part of this volume.) No business of great importance was transacted; the quarrels about More and Robinson still continued, evoking from Penn complaining letters, in which he claims the damage to himself was ten thousand pounds, and to the country one hundred thousand pounds and the loss of hundreds of emigrants.

William Bradford, the first printer in the colony, was brought before the Council, together with Samuel Atkyns, for issuing an almanac in which were the words "Lord Penn.' Atkyns was ordered to "blot out ye words," and Bradford "not to print anything but what shall have lycence from ye Council." As this was the first pamphlet printed in this city, we give some notice of the first printer:

William Bradford came to this country with a recommendation from George Fox, as one "convinced of the truth" as known to Friends. He brought with him type, a press, printing paper, and ink, intending, as Fox wrote, "to set up the trade of printing Friends' books," or, as he himself states in the Almanac, "to print blank Bills, Bonds, Letters of Attorney, Indentures, Warrants, etc., and what else presents itself." He was accompanied by a young wife, the daughter of Andrew Sowle, printer, of Shoreditch. The pamphlet of twenty pages was intended to supply "the people generally, complaining that they scarcely knew how the time passed, nor that they. hardly knew the Day of Rest." The printer apologizes for the "irregularities," "for, being lately come hither, my materials were misplaced and out of order, whereupon I was forced to use Figures and Letters of various sizes."

The sheriff was empowered to act as prosecuting attorney, but in April the authority was revoked, and also declared that no clerk of a court should plead in that court.

In February the caves were ordered to be removed from before William Frampton's door, in order that he might build a wharf. And in November it was ordered that the surveyers should meet and lay out a road from "y broad street in Philadelphia" to the Falls of Delaware. This important road, which was the king's

road to New York by way of "the falls" at Trenton, was made by piecemeal at various times, and as late as 1700 was ordered to be cut and cleared of trees and stumps, and be made commodious and easy; it went out Front street by way of Frankford, Bristol, etc. and not from Broad street.

In 1687 other roads were made-one to Plymouth, and two from Schuylkill ferry to Darby and to Radnor-and "that necessary public roads be everywhere set forth and duly maintained." Buoys were to be erected; pirates were to be arrested and detained until the royal pleasure was known as to the disposition of them; the king's moiety of all riches and treasure taken from the sea was to be secured to him. Penn issued a proclamation against trespassers on his lands for timber, he having before his departure appointed a woodsman to collect 6d. for each tree cut. A prison, larger than "the cage" built in 1683, was found necessary, and a log house was built by Lacy Cock in Second street above Market, but not being suitable a house was hired of Patrick Robinson, probably in Second street below Chestnut. The caves and houses on the banks were ordered

to be destroyed.

Penn, being dissatisfied with the actions of the Council and Assembly, gave authority to five commissioners to act for him as if he were present, any three of whom were empowered to act. He named Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas More, James Claypoole, Robert Turner, and John Eckley; but as the commission did not arrive until a year after (in February, 1688), More and Claypoole were dead, and John Symcock and Arthur Cook were substituted. They were to execute the laws, enacting, disannulling, or varying them, and declaring his abrogation of all that had been done since his absence and of all laws but the fundamentals, and to call another Assembly to repass, alter, and modify the laws; and do other acts as if he himself were present, Penn reserving to himself the power of confirming what was done. This was but a poor substitute for his yearning to be at the head of affairs personally, but his controversy with Lord Baltimore, and his presence abroad, necessary during the change from the dynasty of Charles II. to that of King James II., with the business relating to his colony, prevented his returning to "poor Pennsylvania." He felt too, keenly, the lack of provision made for his support on this side of the water, and the returns he had thus far received left him five to six thousand pounds the poorer for his speculation.