legally convicted, . . . . shall for each and every offence be sentenced to an imprisonment not exceeding three months, and to pay a fine not exceeding one thousand nor less than fifty dollars, and to give security in such sum as the court may direct to keep the peace and be of good behavior for one year." Then follows Sec. 2, the form of the indictment, Act of Feb. 15, 1808, P. L., 49; Purdon's Digest (Stroud & Brightly, 1700-1853), p. 573. In 1860 an act was passed, No. 374, entitled "An act to consolidate, revise, and amend the penal laws of this Commonwealth." (Act of March 31, 1860, P. L., 382.) This subject of masquerades is not to be found in the code enacted. At the same time an act was passed, No. 375, entitled "An Act to consolidate, revise, and amend the laws of this Commonwealth relating to penal proceedings." Section 79 of that act reads: "The following-named acts of Assembly, and parts thereof, and all other parts of the criminal laws of this State, and forms of procedure relative thereto, so far as the same are altered and supplied by the act to consolidate, revise, and amend the penal laws of this Commonwealth, and by this act, be and the same are hereby repealed." Then follows a list of the acts; and on page 453, P. L. 1860, is found: "1808, Feb. 15. An act to declare masquerades and masked balls common nuisances, and to punish those who promote and encourage them." (Act of March 31, 1860, P. L., p. 427.) It is asserted, on one side, that as the new penal code does not prohibit masked balls, the act of 1808 is repealed. On the other hand, we have heard it positively asserted, by good legal authority, that the act of 1808 has not been repealed. The matter is a question of law which may yet have to be decided by the courts.

EDUCATION.

The Friends' School, p. 287.-William Penn wrote to Thomas Lloyd in 1689, instructing him to set up a public grammar school. George Keith was appointed at a salary of fifty pounds, with a house to live in, a school-house provided, and the profits of the school for the first year. For two years more one hundred and twenty pounds per annum were to be ensured to him if he remained and taught the poor gratis. This was the first institution of the kind in Philadelphia intended to facilitate the acquisition of the generally used parts of learning among all ranks and to promote a virtuous and learned education. The rich paid for their tuition. This was the "Quaker School," afterward celebrated as the place where many of the leading citizens were educated. It was in Fourth street below Chestnut, east side, on the lot where now stand three Pictou-front stores.

George Keith was one of the most influential Friends of his

day, but being unsuccessful in his efforts to confine Quakerism in America with the fetters of a written creed, he apostatized, returned to England, and subsequently travelled much as a missionary of the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." It is said that he founded the first Episcopal church in New Jersey, and that through his instrumentality many Friends embraced the doctrines of the Church of England. Keith was a surveyor, and settled the boundary-line between East and West Jersey. He came from Freehold, Monmouth county, East Jersey. He was a man distinguished for his learning and talents, but fierce and contentious in his disposition, intolerant in his faith, rude in his manners, and abusive in his language. About 1690 he gave up the school and devoted himself to preaching, in which he denounced many of the tenets of the Friends which he had formerly advocated, contemned the government and the magistrates, and through himself and his partisans created considerable feeling in the community. He was disowned by the Friends, at which he raised the cry of persecution and issued a number of publications. He went so far in his denunciation of his late associates as to declare them inconsistent in assisting in carrying out the laws, in arresting criminals, or even in taking part in the administration of government.

Keith's successors as teachers were Benjamin Makins, D. J. Dove, Robert Proud, William Wanney, Jeremiah Todd, and Charles Thomson.

In 1697, Samuel Carpenter, Edward Shippen, Anthony Morris, James Fox, David Lloyd, William Southby, and John Jones applied to Deputy Governor Markham for a charter for this school, which was granted. On October 25, 1701, Penn confirmed this charter, and again in 1708, when he directed that the corporation was "for ever thereafter to consist of fifteen discreet and religious persons of the people called Quakers, by the name of the 'Overseers of the Public School,'" In 1711 he confirmed all previous charters, and appointed as overseers Samuel Carpenter the elder, Edward Shippen, Griffith Owen, Thomas Story, Anthony Morris, Richard Hill, Isaac Norris, Samuel Preston, Jonathan Dickinson, Nathan Stanbury, Thomas Masters, Nicholas Waln, Caleb Pusey, Rowland Ellis, and James Logan, with authority in the corporation thereafter to elect the overseers.

Third mo. 7th, 1699, George Fox leaves five pounds for maintenance of a public school in Philadelphia. Seventh mo. 4th, 1699, James Fox leaves forty pounds for an intended school to be erected by the people called Quakers. Sixth mo. 5th, 1702, Prudence West left for the use of the free school belonging to the people of God called Quakers, - pounds.

Thomas Makin, p. 287.-See Col. Records, vol. i. p. 383, where he is notified "that he must not keep school without license;" he promised "to take a license," August 1, 1693.

The Log College, p. 288.-Dr. A. A. Alexander of Princeton published an account of the Log College; generally correct, but contained some errors.

Andrew Brown, p. 290.-His whole house and family were burnt in Chestnut street, between Second and Front streets, north side. Education in Pennsylvania within the Last Half Century, p. 296. About half a century ago the people of Pennsylvania, through their representatives, passed a law for the education of all children in the State whose parents were too poor to educate them. The township assessor's duty, in addition to his other duties, was to return to the county commissioners annually the names of the children between certain ages-say six and fourteen-whose parents were too poor to pay for their schooling. The children were permitted to attend the nearest school, the teacher to keep an account of their time, and present his bill to the county commissioners, properly certified by the school committee or others who sent children to said school that the rate charged was the same as charged for other schools.

However liberal this might be on the part of the State, it did not give satisfaction. It was thrown up to these children by those of their richer neighbors that they were paupers. "The county pays for your schooling; my papa pays for mine." The children's talk was carried home to the parents, and caused unpleasant feelings. There was another class of selfish people dissatisfied. They said: "These poor children are getting a better education than ours; they have nothing else to do but to go to school every day, while ours have to stay at home and work." However mean and selfish this complaint may appear at this day, it found ready listeners and sympathizers. Another class of complainers was the large taxpayers. They said: "We have to pay for schooling our own children, and the taxes to pay for these poor children, whose parents are too lazy to earn money for that purpose." The only parties satisfied were those who were pleased to know that every child had an opportunity of acquiring the rudiments of an education; but there was a drawback even here. There were some parties too poor to pay for their children's schooling, and too proud to let the assessor return them to be paid for by the county; these were kept at home; and this circumstance, more than any other, caused the people to think of a general school law that would educate all the children of the State on the same footing, whether rich or poor, by a general tax. This was strongly opposed by those who had already schooled their children.

At last the Legislature assumed sufficient courage to pass a general school law, making each township and borough an independent school district, which decided every three years by ballot at the spring election whether or not they would accept the school law; and if they did so, a bribe was held out to them by paying

their allotted portion out of an appropriation for that purpose. This appropriation was made from money they had already paid into the State treasury, so that it was actually bribing them with their own money. To the great joy of the friends of popular education, a very respectable number of districts voted to accept, and received their quota of the appropriation. The quota of those districts not accepting was still held in reserve, and after a few years the bait became too tempting, and all accepted.

Each district managed its own way under the management of six directors, who either examined the teachers or took them without examination, until a law was enacted for the election of a county superintendent.

Cost of Education in the City.—The Committees on Schools and Finance of Councils reduced the school estimate for the year 1878 from $1,712,007.20 to $1,517,983.20-a total reduction of $194,024.

P. 305. Patrick Robinson died in 1701. He was a member of Council, Clerk of the Court, and Register of Wills, and a very useful man.

In 1703, p. 305.—John Bowling should read John Bewly.
John Sargent (p. 307) should be John Sergeant.

PUNISHMENTS.

1735, p. 309.-Frances Hamilton was punished for picking pockets in the market, by being exposed on the court-house steps, with her hands bound to the rails and her face turned toward the whipping-post and pillory for two hours. She was then released and publicly whipped.

1816, p. 310.-Captain Carson was murdered by Richard Smith and his paramour, Carson's wife, about 1814 or 1815. Smith was hung for the crime on the 10th of August, 1816.

1823, p. 310.-William Gross, who was hanged February 17th, 1823, was convicted of the murder of Keziah Stow, a young woman, a native of New Jersey, who led a life of shame.

1829, p. 310.-The Reading mail was robbed by Porter, Wilson, and Poteet on a Sunday morning, December, 1829, near the intersection of Ridge road and Turner's lane, about the present Twenty-first and Oxford streets. A milkman, coming into town on the Ridge road, saw the passengers tied to the trees, and he unloosed some of them. On the trial it came to light that the three robbers had it in contemplation to enter the Northern Liberty Bank when they saw their chance good in daytime, tie the officers, clerks, etc. very expeditiously, and then ransack the vaults, money-drawers, etc., and decamp with their plunder; but that part of their programme was never put into

execution. Porter and Wilson were both tried for the robbery of the mail, convicted, and sentenced to death, the other, Poteet, turning "State's evidence." Wilson, a few days before the execution, was pardoned by President Jackson. The mail robbery was dramatized at the Walnut Street Theatre in the spring of 1830, Mr. Samuel H. Chapman representing Porter, the particulars of which were described by Charles Durang in his History of the Philadelphia Stage. But the affair of the mail robbery and the incidents connected with it have passed away and been forgotten, few of the present generation remembering it. James Porter was executed on Friday, July 2d, 1830, in a field north of Bush Hill, and near the junction of Schuylkill Sixth and Francis's lane, corresponding to what is now the neighborhood of Seventeenth and Coates streets. The day was very warm. The procession left the Arch Street Prison about eleven o'clock, went out Broad street, and turned off over the open lots to the place of execution. The Rev. Drs. Hawkes and Kemper attended Porter on the scaffold. President Jackson was much censured for pardoning Wilson and allowing Porter to be hung. The Irish were so much exasperated that they got up quite an enthusiastic indignation meeting to denounce his conduct for pardoning an American and hanging an Irishman, which they considered an insult to their race.

The places used for execution in this city have been as follows: Centre Square for criminals hanged before the Revolution; Windmill Island for pirates and offenders against the United States; Logan Square for criminals executed after the Revolution and up to the time when Gross was hung, in 1823; Bush Hill for public executions of persons convicted of crimes against the United States, including Porter the mail-robber and Moran the pirate. Since the passage of the law of Pennsylvania prohibiting public executions, offenders convicted of capital crimes have been hanged in the yard of the Moyamensing Prison.

THE BAR, COURTS, ETC.

The Philadelphia Bar, p. 315.-Hon. Horace Binney printed for private distribution in 1859-60 a pamphlet containing biographies of Edward Tilghman, William Lewis, and Jared Ingersoll, three celebrated lawyers. It was favorably noticed in the English reviews, and reprinted in The Inquirer of May, 1860.

In the early days of the courts they were presided over by those who were not lawyers, but leading men of the Province, who were styled justices, and were generally those prominent for zeal and intelligence in public affairs and men of property. Only professional lawyers were allowed to plead.

In addition to those mentioned in Vol. I. 315-322, we add the