ations of the crown and to the head of the sceptre. The latter portion was further investigated, and resulted in the removal of the diaper from around the sceptre, and in the recovery of a beautifully drawn flowing foliage instead of the fir cone and acanthus leaves which had hitherto surmounted it. Beneath the jewelled crown lay a highly burnished plain gold crown, consisting of a solid coating of composition, which in its turn concealed the original crown, drawn, like the sceptre-head, with free and admirably pencilled foliage upon the pure gold, which here simply coated the actual gesso ground laid upon the panel itself. This true crown was closely punctured with small holes, so arranged as to form a pattern and repeating the lozenge and oval outlines of the jewels in the circlet of the crown. Puncturings or dottings of this kind, on a plain gilded surface, are considered to be characteristic of MS. illuminations belonging to the later portion of the fourteenth century, and, indeed, the entire appearance of this picture has very much the effect of a page taken from some manuscript volume of that period, and extensively magnified.

The style of painting, with pale brown shadows on the face, the gilded background, and a profusion of bright colours and golden borders to the drapery, closely resembles the productions of the best artists in Italy at the same period.

The clumsy and not ancient frame was found to have encroached largely on the surface of the picture, and to have concealed both the side portions of the chair and the greater part of the curved step in front of the throne. Unfortunately no date or inscription has been found on any part of the picture.

The practical knowledge and assistance of Mr. Chance, an experienced gilder, were of great service in regard to the difliculties of dealing with the burnished crown, globe, and stucco coatings forming the diaper; whilst Mr. Merritt's extreme caution, judicious treatment, and thorough knowledge in the application of means to remove these masses of false colour-without in the slightest degree affecting the delicate tempera painting lying beneath, and in knowing how far to go and when to stop-were of vital importance. Mr. Richmond's power of distinguishing false art from the true, and his jealous protection of all the finer points in the picture as soon as discovered, were a guarantee for the perfect success of the whole; and it is to that gentleman's energy and clearness of views that we are mainly indebted for the achievement of such important results.

The portrait was probably painted from the life in the year 1390, and appears to have undergono its greatest changes early in the sixteenth century; perhaps at the time of the building of Henry VII.'s Chapel, when the diaper was added and the shape of the crown and sceptre altered.

Vertue en raved it for the Vetusta Monumenta in 1728. Captain Broome repainted it about 1726, adding the shadows on the ernice tippet from the cross and sceptre, and decorating the globe with acanth is leaves The picture was removed to the Jerusalem Chamber in 1770, where John Carter saw it and made his careful etching in 1756, which may now be considered as the best record of the picture in the condition from which it has just been rescue The picture has for the present been returned to the Jerusalem Chamber, and is happily protected by a large sheet of plate glass. It is to be hoped that the picture may soon be restored to its original place in the choir of Westminster Abbey, where in a good open light it will be thoroughly well seen, and, in such a place, become accessible to thousands and thonsands of visitors. GEORGE SCHARF.

National Portrait Gallery, Dec. 1866.

CATHOLIC PERIODICALS.

I have been requested to draw up a list of Catholic periodical publications in England, Scotland, and Ireland. I believe the following account of them will be found generally correct:

The earliest Catholic periodical was, I believe, The Catholic Almanac for the year 1661, and successive years, compiled by Thos. Blount, Esq. of Orleton, and continued probably down to the year of his death, 1679. On the accession of James II., it came out as the Kalendarium Catholicum for the year 1656, with the significant motto: "Tristitia vestra vertetur in gaudium, Alleluia." This contained, besides the Feasts, Fasts, Days of Abstinence, Calendar and explanation of the principal Feasts, the following interesting catalogues. First, "of the Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen (of the Catholic Religion) that were slain in the late warr in defence of their King and country." Secondly, "The names of, such Catholicks whose estates (both real and personal) were sold, in pursuance of an act made by the Rump, July 16, 1651, for their pretended delinquency; that is, for adhering to their King." This was followed by two other lists of 1652.

66 Finally, Memorable Observations," giving the number of years since certain notable events interesting to Catholics. It appeared the year following as "The Catholic Almanack for the year 1687, containing both the Roman and English Calendars, -an Explanation of the principal holydays of the whole year, with catalogues of the Popes from St. Peter to this present Innocentius XI., and of the Kings of England and Archbishops of Canterbury from the year 600 to the Reformation. London: Printed by Henry Hills, Printer to the King's most excellent Majesty, for his household and chappel, MDCLXXXVII." At the end of each of these almanacs is a catalogue

of books printed for Henry Hills, "and are to be sold next door to his house in Blackfryers." The Ordo recitandi for the clergy, and the Laity's Directory began about the 1761. year

The earliest Catholic periodical, in the shape of a magazine, appeared towards the close of the last century, about the year 1790. It was called The Catholic Magazine. Who was the editor I do not know, nor do I know who contributed to its pages; but it was, as I remember, a very respectable periodical, well conducted, and neatly printed. It was of 12mo size, but extended, I believe, to no more than three or four volumes.

About twenty years later an attempt was made to establish a Catholic Magazine and Review; and a similar publication was commenced in 1813, but both ceased after a few numbers.

The Orthodox Journal was started in 1813 by William Eusebius Andrews. He had been a printer in the office of the Norfolk Chronicle in Norwich, but had settled in London as the professed "Advocate of Truth." This journal appeared weekly till the end of 1820, and was much supported by Bishop Milner. In November, 1820, Mr. Andrews had begun a weekly newspaper under the title of The Catholic Advocate of Civil and Religious Liberty, but this lasted only through nine numbers. He resumed his Orthodox Journal in January 1823, numbering it as if it had never been interrupted, but it ended in the year following. He began a fresh periodical September 8, 1832, called Andrews's Penny Orthodox Journal. This came out weekly, but survived only till March 1, 1834. It was followed by Andrews's Weekly Orthodox Journal, from March 8 to June 27, 1836. It was then entitled The London and Dublin Orthodox Journal, and, on the death of Mr. Andrews, April 7, 1837, was continued by his son till November, 1845; after which it came out monthly under the simple original title of The Orthodox Journal.

The well-known Catholic bookseller, George Keating, successor to J. P. Coghlan, began a periodical in July, 1815, entitled The Publicist, or Christian Philosopher. It was announced "to appear occasionally," and came out very irregularly. It contained however many valuable papers, principally strictures on anticatholic publications. A second series was commenced with the year 1817, but the name was changed to that of The Catholicon, which name indeed had been adopted at the end of the first volume. A third series began February 1, 1823, under the title of The Catholic Spectator and Selector, or Catholicon; and this was published at intervals for three years, ending with December, 1826.

In February, 1818, a periodical appeared with the title of The Catholic Gentleman's Magazine. The "Sylvanus Urban" of this magazine was "Mr. Palmer," but its real editor and chief sup

porter was Mr. Charles Butler of Lincoln's Inn. It had a very brief existence, coming to an end in the following September.

The Catholic Vindicator was a weekly paper in answer to one called The Protestant. It was. entirely written by Mr. Andrews. It began December 5, 1818, and ended December 4, 1819. Mr. Andrews also tried a weekly newspaper called The Catholic Advocate, but it lasted only nine months.

The Catholic Miscellany began with January, 1822. It was established by Ambrose Cuddon, who had come from Bungay to settle in London. It was printed by Andrews, who had a considerable share in its management, till June, 1823. Mr. Cuddon, however, was the responsible editor, and so continued until the end of vol. ix., June, 1828. A new series then commenced under the editorship of Mr. Sidney. The publication ceased altogether in May, 1830. Mr. Cuddon also published a Catholic Pocket-Book about this time. It was well got up, and very useful, but was soon discontinued.

A newspaper called The Truthteller was brought out in September, 1824, by W. E. Andrews, and was published weekly for one year. It then appeared as a weekly magazine, beginning October 1, 1825, extended to fourteen volumes, and ended April 25, 1829.

The Catholic Journal began on March 1, 1828, edited by Mr. Quin. Its special object was the advocacy of Catholic Emancipation. It was at first of 8vo size, but on May 31 it was changed to the 4to form. Thus it continued till the end of the year; and on January 4, 1829, it appeared in the usual folio size of newspapers. When the Emancipation Act passed, its object was accomplished, and it ceased after March 15, 1829.

A periodical was published about this time called The British Colonial Quarterly Intelligencer, but only three or four numbers were published.

The best conducted and most influential of Catholic periodicals was The Catholic Magazine and Review, published monthly in Birmingham. It began in February, 1831, and was the property of a number of the clergy, chiefly of the Midland district. The editors were the Revs. John Kirk, F. Martyn, Ed. Peach, T. M. McDonnell, and John Gascoyne; but Mr. McDonnell was the acting editor. It continued till the end of 1835, when it became The Catholicon, but survived only eight months, ending with August, 1836.

The Edinburgh Catholic Magazine was undertaken by James Smith of Edinburgh, and first appeared in April, 1832. A second volume began with October, but lasted through only two numbers. A new series commenced in February, 1837, printed and published in London, where Mr. Smith had come to reside. Three other volumes appeared as The Catholic Magazine; the

last number of which was published in June, 1840. A third series began in January, 1843, edited by Mr. T. Hog, but ended in June, 1844. The Catholic Penny Magazine, published weekly in Dublin by Coldwell, began in February, 1834, and ceased in December, 1835.

In 1836 another periodical came out under the name of The Catholic Magazine. It was published in London by Charles Dolman, nephew and successor to Mr. Booker of New Bond Street. It was! to have taken an enlarged form in the beginning of 1812, but went on as before; and at the end of that year was near being given up. In January, 1845, its name was changed for that of Dolman's Magazine and Monthly Miscellany of Criticism, and it was then edited by Miles Gerald Keon. The original title of The Catholic Ma, azine was afterwards resumed, but numbered as a continuation of the former series. The Rev. Edward Price edited the latter volumes, and the periodical ended, in 1849. F. C. H.

(To be continued.)

BROKEN POTTERY OF ANCIENT TIMES.

Can it be explained how so much of this refuse has been found in strange uninhabited spots? It is not that man has been there, and therefore we seek for the relics of his occupation; we find vast quantities of potsherds, and therefore we infer that man formerly inhabited or visited the spot. It is easy to understand why vases, &c., are found in ancient tumuli; but why the accumulation of broken pottery about the Casas Grandes on the river Gila? And what the origin, and how the accumulation of Mons Testaccio at Rome? We are less surprised at its occurrence among the sepulchral mounds of the Mississippi Valley, where there was long occupation, and earthenware was a part of the burial utensils.

A relative of mine, who lived twenty-seven years in Peru, near Lima, told me that he "used occasionally to creep up a mountain near, to get a glimpse of the sea and a breath of sea air. There were no habitations," he said, "no roads; no one ever went there but myself; and yet the top of the mountain was covered with broken pottery! How did it come there?" We used to speculate much and widely on this question. It cannot be supposed that the ancient tribes who lived by hunting and fishing broke all their utensils when they changed their hunting ground, to save the trouble of conveyance. It was surely more trouble to make fresh ones, even if the necessary appliances were at hand. My brother expressly assured me that this mountain near Lima was barren, and that these potsherds were the sole hints of man's former presence there. I think it is Humboldt who says that the tribes of the (socalled) New World were the only ones who passed

immediately from hunting and fishing to cereal cultivation; that the pastoral stage of civilisation, so prominent in the religious and civil history of the other three quarters of our globe, held no place among the tribes of America. The Peruvian mountain must have been a hunting ground; but when? Even allowing largely for the rise of the land. does it not carry us back to the time when the Wellingtonia G. was a sapling?

A curious fact touching on the subject is, that the inhabitants of the valleys lying among the Peruvian Andes speak so many different dialects, that the people living in one valley cannot understand those living in one branching from it. My relative was not only a good linguist, having resided in Germany, Italy, and Egypt (and of course thoroughly acquainted with Spanish and Portuguese), but was fond of the study of language, and being much alone in Peru, and travelling much on business affairs, he collected all he could on the subject of the different dialects around him; therefore I trust what he told me.

But the broken pottery? If Mons Testaccio owes its existence to the early age of Rome, when Isis was the deity of the people, we should find such relics in Egypt; if a near branch of that early tribe who have left their mark in the centre of Europe, we should search Northern Germany for such remains.

Any information, even a theory, will be extremely welcome; for a theory is a great stimulant in searching for facts. I hold that every fixed opinion was at first a theory. F. C. B.

Norwich.

ORIGINAL LETTERS OF LEIGH HUNT.

The following letters will probably interest the readers of "N. & Q." W. CAREW HAZLITT.

"My dear Sir,

I.

"Wimbledon, Feb. 13 [circa 1842].

"Accept, however late, my sincerest thanks for the sight of the curious old Greek book * (beautifully printed), and the present of the Roscoe† and Montaigne ‡, particularly the latter, which is a most complete thing indeed. I ought to have sent this acknowledgment directly, but I was ill at the time, and of a disorder which throws me into a state of rascally sluggishness, an attack of liver, and so I was ungratefully silent both to you and to Mr. Yates §, and have not sent my book for our kind and got myself altogether into such a state of incomAmerican friend, and suffered other letters to accumulate,

petence, that I have come out here at last to get a little fresh air, and, if possible, a new stock of activity. When I return, I will do my duty, and send the book, or rather bring it, and then you shall tell me that you forgive me.

* Phocii Bibliotheca. Never returned.

Probably Roscoe's Life of Lorenzo de Medici, of which my father published an improved edition in 1846. The Works of Montaigne. Edited by W. Hazlitt. 1842.

§ Raymond Yates, Esq., who desired an interview with Mr. Hunt.

LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1867.

CONTENTS.-No 262.

NOTES:-Westminster Portrait of Richard II., 1- Catholic Periodicals, 2- Broken Pottery of Ancient Times, 4Original Letters of Leigh Hunt, Ib- Aelivs Donatvs Septem Sapientibvs Scholarvm Angliæ Pvblicarvm S. P. D., 6 Morkin, or Mortkin, 7 Christmas Day, Ib. - Inedited Letter of King James VI. to the King of Navarre

Lunar Influence-Errors in Parish Registers: the Dal mahoy Family-Old Recollections - Vessel-cup Girls Literary Mystification, 8.

QUERIES:-Irish Pamphlets, 9-Extraordinary Assemblies of Birds Burning of the Jesuits' Books - Callabre-A Christening Sermon-Lord Coke and the Court of Star-Chamber-French Topography-Jenyns Queries Sir Godfrey Kneller-Hannah Lightfoot - Mary Queen of Scots - Large Silver Medal - Morocco - Edward Norgate: a Chain Organ - Papal Bulls in favour of Freemasons Petrarch: Himultruda - Scot, a Local Prefix Shakespeare's Bible-Stricken in Years - Wedderburn and Franklin, 10.

QUERIES WITH ANSWERS: Cyriack Skinner
Hudson-Stafford, Talbot, &c. St. John's Gospel, 12.
REPLIES:- French Books on England, 14- Chaplains to

the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, &c., 16-Roundels:

Verses on Fruit Trenchers, 18- Dutch Ballad, 19 - The Dawson Family, 20-Americanisms-The Pipe of Tobacco, &c. - Eglinton Tournament - Lord Braxfield - Agudeza Illuminated Missal - Inscription at Champéry - Cheese Well Gold pronounced " Goold"-"Hamlet:" "House the Devil"-Degrees, when first conferred - Picture "Shakespeare said it First "-Dante-America and Caricatures - Heraldic Queries - Arms of Prussia- Book dedicated to the Virgin Mary, &c., 21. Notes on Books, &c.

Notes.

WESTMINSTER PORTRAIT OF RICHARD II. The pages of "N. & Q." are such a natural depositary for records of historical events, both in art and literature, that, although the subject has already been made known elsewhere, I feel desirous to secure in these columns a brief statement respecting the change that has recently come over the well-known Jerusalem-Chamber portrait of Richard II. Ever since the time of the Manchester Exhibition in 1857, when it was first seen during the present century in open daylight, artists and judges competent to form a fair opinion upon it, agreed that the picture had been grossly painted over, and that the surface of the painting no longer presented a trustworthy appearance. These opinions were renewed in the course of the recent Portrait Exhibition at South Kensington; and Mr. George Richmond, R.A., the excellent portrait-painter, at length offered to the Dean of Westminster to not only superintend, but actually to work upon the cleaning and restoration of this precious relic. The Dean and Chapter readily consented; and the picture was accordingly conveyed, at the close of the Exhibition, to the studio of Mr. Henry Merritt, an experienced picture-cleaner and restorer, who was to carry on all operations under Mr. Richmond's immediate direction. Having

already expressed to the Dean my opinion of the unsatisfactory condition of the picture-not only that it was encumbered with masses of dirt and false paint, but that the original portrait still lay dormant underneath-I naturally took great interest in each step of the proceedings as they were put into execution. As a spectator, taking a careful cognizance of all that went on, I can perhaps render a more impartial statement than even those more immediately concerned in the operation. Before anything was done to remove the old paint, I took an opportunity of making a careful tracing of the head, hands, crown, and sceptre, with various details of the dress, that might serve as an accurate record of what the picture had been up to that period. I obtained a faithful transcript of the projecting patterns of the diapered background, by rubbing the surface of my tracing paper with soft leather sprinkled with black-lead. As this diaper was very irregularly constructed, it would have been quite insufficient for me to copy a single portion and repeat it mechanically to serve for the rest.

The picture is painted on an enormous block of oak; composed, in fact, of several smaller planks most skilfully joined together. The coatings of paint covering the picture were very difficult to remove; but, at length, Mr. Richmond's labour was rewarded by the discovery of the real picture underneath· a genuine tempera painting of Richard's own time; revealing a perfectly different face from that which had been removed. In lieu of dark staring eyes of a rich brown colour, massive brown eyebrows, dark hair, and a ruddy smiling mouth, with deep solid shadows to the features, they recovered a mild, soft, youthful face, with gold-brown waving hair, blue-grey eyes, heavy eyelids, and a sorrowful drooping mouth-all of which accord with the celebrated Diptych at Wilton House, and correspond with the known weak and vacillating character of the timid and misguided monarch himself. The ermine cape had been overlaid with repeated coats of colour, and the originally delicate ermine spots had been distorted into strange twisted masses of solid black paint, that had neither heraldic nor any other significance to justify them. The folds of the crimson robe had been overlaid and perverted by the brush of some clumsy house-painter; and not only the drawing but the action of the fingers had been ruthlessly altered. On examining the gilded surface of the ball, decorated with most un-Gothiclike acanthus leaves, it was found to be laid over a highly polished coating of plain gold on a mass of composition or cement; and the richly ornamented crown had been treated in the same manner. The stucco pattern of the raised diaper on the background was found to have overlapped some beautifully painted foliage, which evidently belonged to the original design of the flore