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General view of the economic workshops and offices at the New Forest
Research Institute, Dehra Dun. November, 1925
Structural beam test. _Timber Testing Laboratory, new Forest Research
Institute, Dehra Dun

Sturtevant kiln, showing sixteen varieties of timber testing specimens
and Cullenia excelsa stacked ready for drying. Research Institute,

Dehra Dun

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Wood preservation plant, pressure cylinder, pumps and control boiler.
Economic Branch, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun
Paper Pulp Hall, showing digesters, beater, mixers and paper-making
machine. New Research Institute, Dehra Dun
Veneer panelling in the Hall of Government House, Shillong, Assam
Front view of Veneer Shop at the new Koulagarh site. The rotatory
cutter peeling a log. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun .
The first experiments in departmental firing in chir (Pinus longifolia)
Forests in 1912. Punjab.

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Effect of grazing on regeneration of Pinus longifolia. Above the path is open to grazing. No advance growth. Below the path is closed to grazing. Good advance growth of young pine Effect of the frost of 1905 on sâl poles as seen six years later. Tirsal Forests, Siwalik Division, United Provinces. Photograph taken 24 November, 1910 Eucalyptus globulus Coppice. Ootacamund, Nilgris. Madras Presidency 413 Taungya cutters dibbling paddy in their yas in Tharrawaddy Division. The men notch the soil at intervals of a few inches, using the long bamboos with iron chisel-shaped tips and working with the balance of the long pole. The women sow paddy in each notch. Photograph taken June, 1921

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Teak sown broadcast on level ground and transplanted to stake. Shows
exceptionally vigorous growth where no paddy has been sown.
Photograph taken December, 1921, of the 1921 ya. Compt. 8
Minhla Reserve, Tharrawaddy Division, Burma.
Teak planted 6 feet by 6 feet in 1911. Photograph taken November,
1915. Compt. 1, Bilumyo Reserve, Katha Division, Burma.
A 1920 Plantation planted with teak 6 feet by 6 feet with broadcast and
natural binga (Stephegyne diversifolia). Photograph taken December,
1921. Shows excellent growth of teak over Binga with entire free-
dom from weeds and clean soil. Compt. 9, Minhla Reserve, Tharra-
waddy Division, Burma

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Pyinkado sown in June, 1921, on raised mounds on which sugar cane is cultivated. Sugar cane is being held back in foreground to show the pyinkado (Xylia Dolabriformis). Thindawyo Reserve, Tharrawaddy Division, Burma

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A 1917 Teak Plantation, sown 10 feet by 6 feet. Photograph taken in
June, 1922. Kanza Laga Reserve, Mu Division, Burma

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A plantation of chikrassi and champ (Plains variety). Planted in 1921 on a failed sâl area at Sukna. The champ is doing quite well under the chikrassi

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Sample plot No. II near Mohnit, in Teak Plantation No. 14, of 1912. plate Photograph taken January, 1923, just before thinning after felling suppressed trees. Kaing Reserve, Pyinmana Division, Burma Tinwa flowered 1913-14. Photograph taken November, 1916. Shows dead culms mostly fallen, and vigorous regeneration of tinwa last (Cephalostachyum Pergracile). Pile Reserve, Katha Division, Burma plate

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Sown teak 6 feet by 6 feet, with a dense natural reproduction of hnaw
(Adina cordifolia). Note absence of weeds. Photograph taken
July, 1921, of 1920 ya. Bawbin Reserve, Zigon Division, near
Sangyi.

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General view of nursery beds in Bilumyo Reserve, Katha Division,
showing details of construction on the same lines as adopted in
Bengal.
Teak regeneration in South Dangs (Gira). A patch of teak plantation,
four monsoons old, average height 9 feet. Bombay Presidency
Teak regeneration by coppice in South Dangs (Netmal), two monsoons
old, average height 12 feet. Bombay Presidency

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A 1920 Sâl Plantation. Photographed in 1923. With Rahar dal planted
between the lines. Kurseong Division, Bengal
Five-year-old Sal-taungya Plantation near Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa
Division, Bengal. E. O. Shebbeare, Conservator
Young Sal-taungya Plantation, weeded. Northern Bengal, 1925.
The 1923 Sâl Plantation at Sukna

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Ghamari (Gmelina arborea) planted in 1917-18 .
Compartment 33 of 1846 Plantation, planted in Connolly's time,
Nilambur Teak Plantations. Kept unfelled for observation purposes.
Photograph by A. F. Minchin during author's visit, March, 1925.
Madras Presidency

A second rotation teak crop, Nilambur Plantations.

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Aravalakadu, 1918 Plantation. Planted by Mr. Ray Bourne, I.F.S., who cut the first of the old crops to be felled. Photograph by A. F. Minchin, I.F.S., March, 1925. Madras Presidency Artocarpus hirsuta successfully introduced as an underwood in a teak plantation. Artocarpus, eighteen years. Teak, fifty-seven years. The teak is being cleaned of epicormic branches. Madras Presidency 430 Natural regeneration of mahogany by roadside in Pannengode Block, Nilambur. The tree is a shade bearer and may, as in the case of hopea, be useful as an under-story for teak. Photograph by A. F. ing Minchin during author's visit, March, 1925. Madras Presidency American Portable Sawmill, erected at the Beypur River Depot for preparation of sleepers, etc. Madras Presidency, 1925.

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Nilambur Teak Plantations. Compt. 15 felled, cleared and ready for planting (in June, 1925) the second rotation crop of teak. In foreground coolies are preparing a nursery for raising teak plants. March, 1925. Madras Presidency

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View at low tide across the log pond at the Beypur Depot. The timber
from the Nilambur Forests is floated down the river to this
Depot, where the arrangements are still very primitive. Madras
Presidency, 1925 .

Teak regeneration in the Haliyal Teak Pole Area, Kanara, N.D. (Kham-
dalli, vii, 22) five months old. Photograph by A. C. Hiley, Nov. 14,
1925

A 1920 Teak Plantation in Compt. 9, Minhla Reserve, Tharrawaddy Division. Teak was sown 6 feet by 6 feet, and pyinma (Lagerstræmia Flos-Regina) broadcast. Photograph taken February, 1923, shows a dense undergrowth of pyinma with fairly vigorous teak and no weeds. Burma

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To face page Natural regeneration of sâl-annually cut back by frost-Balaghat, C.P. 432 Chir (Pinus longifolia) Plantation, seventeen years old. Sown broadcast and unweeded. Note frosted sâl. Supkhar, Balaghat Division, 2500 feet. Central Provinces Chir Pine (Pinus longifolia) Plantation. Thinned. Average height 28-8 feet. C.P. May, 1924

Sample plot, seventeen years.
Supkhar, Raigarh R., Balaghat,

Natural reproduction of sâl on hoed strips at Seowari, Compt. 15D,
Singbhum Forests. Photograph 26 February, 1920. Bihar and
Orissa

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Artificial regeneration of sâl in Clear Felled Area, 1922. Ramgarh
Forest, Gorakhpur Division

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Young even-aged sâl crop, aged thirty-seven years, recently thinned.
Ramgarh Forest, Gorakhpur Division

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Advance growth retained (as the crop of the future) on an area over
which intensive regeneration felling has been carried out. Note the
groups of teak poles on the right and the black rab patches of teak
sowings between the groups. Bombay Presidency
Teak regeneration in the Haliyal Teak Pole Area. The teak seed is sown
on burnt patches in May just before the monsoon. Crop one year
old (Kurigudde ii, 21). Photograph 20 November, 1925. Above
two-year-old crop (Kurigudde ii. 20). Bombay

Sâl Shelter Wood in a regeneration area, 1923. Lakhmanmandi Block,
Haldwani Division, United Provinces

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Natural regeneration of sâl under a shelter wood, 1925. Sunmanthalpa Block, Haldwani Division, U.P. Regeneration from 1913 seed year 445 Evergreen Forests, Chenat Nair, Palghat, Madras Presidency. Unfelled Forest in the Dhoni Valley, 1925

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Evergreen Forests, Chenat Nair, Palghat Division. The appearance of the cover left after the fellings have been made. This photograph and the one on the reverse side were very kindly taken at points selected by the author during his visit to the Area in March, 1925. 447 The 1915 Improvement Felling Area, showing fine growth of teak as a result of the felling. Photograph taken November, 1922. Katha Division, Upper Burma

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Inspection of elephants and kit at Hmychaung Forest Rest House,
Tharrawaddy Division, Burma, February, 1925 .

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A teak patch, two monsoons old, average height 4 feet. After the completion of fellings, when all the saleable material has been removed, the felling debris is stacked into heaps and burnt. In the burnt patches teak seeds are dibbled just before the monsoon. The picture shows an average of such patches. North Dangs, Bombay Presidency

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Natural regeneration of teak dating from Clear Felling in 1911. photo-
graph taken November, 1915. Compt. 1, Bilumyo Reserve, Katha,
Upper Burma
Photograph taken November, 1916. Taungya with natural regenera-
tion. Paddy reaped in foreground, not yet reaped in right back-
ground. Girdled teak still standing. Compt. 1, Bilumyo Reserve,
Katha Division, Burma

Elephant being used to thin in a young pole forest in the Saugor Division,
Central Provinces

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A typical blank area in sâl forest in Singbhum owing to past cultivation of field crops. Bihar and Orissa

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Young crop grown from shisham root and shoot cuttings, transplanted one year ago, without trenches. Daphar, Punjab (vide p. 471) Area trenched and ready for sowing. Cut cotton stocks lying in foreground. Daphar Plantation, Punjab

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Reopening trenches at Changa Manga after felling. Root and shoot cuttings and sowings will be carried out here. 1925, Punjab. Shisham crop established on very bad kallar soil by the method of root and shoot cuttings. Sowings had repeatedly failed. Irrigated plantations, Punjab, 1925. S. Babadur Singh is in the plantation. 469 Shisham sowings sown April, 1924. Photographed April, 1925. Daphar Plantation, Punjab.

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Crop of shisham four years old, raised by sowing broadcast ploughed land. Photograph taken in 1925, immediately before thinning. Daphar, Punjab

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The same crop taken from the same spot immediately after thinning Crop at Daphar, four years old, raised by sowing shisham in ploughed strips. The excellent soil and adequate rainfall make this possible in this plantation. W. E. Flewett, 1925

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A compartment at Changa Manga, showing the damage due to the
fungus (Fomes lucidus) and inadequate supplies of water, 1925.
Punjab
Shisham plot seven years old at Khanewal to which only two waterings
were given. The trees are barely existing

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Crop of shisham at Khanewal seven years old given three waterings in
1924. Note increase in leaf surface compared with other
The lower Bari Doab Canal at Chinchawatni, Punjab
Steam tramway carrying firewood from the forest approaching the Fuel
Depot at Changa Manga, Punjab, 1925

Shisham crop ten years old, Chinchawatni Plantation. One year after
thinning. Photograph taken during author's visit in April, 1925.
Punjab

Shisham crop ten years old undersown with mulberry. Chinchawatni.
The mulberry was sown in 1924

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Ravine reclamation. Head of a ravine before treatment, showing
erosion. Etawah. Afforestation Division, U.P. 1918
Ravine reclamation. Head of a ravine two years after treatment,
showing good growth of shisham, babul and grass. Erosion com-
pletely checked. Kacheri Block, Etawah. Afforestation Division,
U.P. 1918

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Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) Plantation, four years old. Etawah. Afforestation Division, U.P. May, 1925

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Ravine reclamation by famine labour, Etawah. Construction of a bund,
May, 1919

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Ravine reclamation, Etawah. The same bund and the same view four
years later. August, 1923

Dolpokhra old village land-April, 1920-showing soil preparation for
making shisham plantation. Haldwani Division.
Dolpokhra Shisham Plantation, five years old, April, 1925 (the same site
as the accompanying photograph, showing soil preparation exactly
five years later. Haldwani Division.

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Indian Munitions Board. War timber. Sleepers piled at Soolay Pagoda
Wharf ready for shipment. 1917

Indian Munitions Board. War Timber Depot. Pazundaung Creek,
Rangoon. 1917

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Gyn poles, with pulleys and tackle employed with skidder to haul in logs to the railway line at Sukna

The skidder loading logs at Sukna on specially built log cars

The wire ropeway at Toong, which is gravity operated, has an endless cable 7000 feet long running round 7-foot diameter sheaves at the upper and lower stations. The Upper Station

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The wire ropeway from Toong, showing a timber trestle and load on a carrier going down

The Darjeeling-Himalayan railway siding running out to the coupe. Seen passing through the 1920 sâl. Bengal

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Crew of Tibetans of logging engine (all porters from the Everest Expedi-
tions). Toong Sawmill, elevation 7000 feet. Darjeeling Himalaya. 564
View of logging engine operation and sawmill during winter in the
Himalaya. Elevation 7000 feet. Bengal.

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565 High lead logging in the Himalayan Hill Forests with American logging Engine. Elevation 7000 feet. Toong, Kurseong-Darjeeling Divisions 566 Ploughs cut from sâl tops ready for passing. Sukna sâl taungya. Bengal

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The improved and bridged compartment or block lines in the Goalpara
Division. The Ford car and the elephant are the chief means of
locomotion in these sâl forests. February, 1925.
Tractor hauling a large evergreen log in the Dhoni Valley, Chenat Nair
Evergreen Forests, Madras Presidency

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Wild elephant tied up fore and aft after capture for training. Burma.
Gorge at Thetugebin looking upstream after a jam of 3000 teak logs had
been broken up and laid out along the stream. Burma

No. IV skidder ready for work, Dhoni Valley, Chenat Nair Evergreen
Forests, Madras

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Gyn pole rig. Log yarded in. Dhoni Valley, Chenat Nair, Madras
Presidency. 1925
Skidder No. IV, with front end loaded on bummer, being pulled to new
position by No. I tractor. Dhoni Valley, Chenat Nair, Madras
Presidency

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Bullock cart on high road, Sappal Valley, transporting logs to Sawmill at Olavakot on the railway, eight miles away. This is still the cheapest method of transport from the road to the Mill. Chenat Nair Evergreen Forests, Madras Presidency

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The Dhoni Valley-Skidder Yarding. Log sliding down earth slide on north side and yarded up on south side. Palghat Division, Madras 586 Fordson tractor and the Huston skidding-winch leaving Dandeli for work in the Nagjhiri Valley. Weight of tractor, 2770 pounds. Weight of winch, 1800 pounds. North Kanara, Bombay Presidency 587 Fordson tractor and winch on road in Nagjhiri Valley. The rear road wheels have been removed and are seen on left. North Kanara, Bombay Presidency. 1925

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General view of layout of a buffalo winch, Kanara Forests, Bombay

Elephants floating teak logs in the Kali Nadi, North Kanara, Bombay
Presidency

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