NATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.

"You are constantly afraid,' says Sir Walter Scott, that some knot or loop will give way, and place the individual before you in all the primitive simplicity of Paradise,' reminding us of the wardrobe of Jenny Sutton, of whom Morris sweetly sings:

'One single pin at night let loose

The robes which vailed her beauty.' Personal experience led the same writer to conclude that, like their poverty, the wit and humor of the Irish was not exaggerated. 'I gave a fellow a shilling,' he says, 6 on some occasion when sixpence was the fee. "Remember you owe me sixpence, Pat." "May your honor live till I pay you!" While a Scotchman,' he continues, is thinking about the term-day, or if easy on that subject, about hell in the next world; while an Englishman is making a little hell in the present because his muffin is not well , roasted, Pat's mind is almost always turned to fun and ridicule. They are terribly excitable, to be sure, and will murder you on slight suspicion, and find out next day that it was all a mistake, and that it was not yourself they meant to kill at all at all. In allusion to some of these national characteristics, it has been said with a mixture of truth and paradox, that an Englishman is never happy but when he is miserable; a Scotchman never at home but when he is abroad; and an Irishman never at peace but when he is fighting. Again, the economical habits of our countrymen are amusingly referred to in the following anecdote, which also embraces a comparative estimate of the English and Irish character. When a celebrated Scottish nobleman was ambassador at the court of France, the king, being anxious to learn the character of our nation-tria juncta in uno-inquired how an Englishman would be found after a hard-fought battle. 'Sleeping away the fatigues of the day,' replied the ambassador. Very prudently,' rejoined his majesty. And the Irishman?' Drinking away the fatigues of the day,' was the answer. Good,' said the monarch; and now,' he continued, 'your own countryman, the bonny Scot?' Why, your Majesty, I ken Sandy's humor; he'd be just darning his stockings, and thinking of the siller he would save.'"

The Englishman is surly, the Irishman witty, the Scot is fond of the lucre.

OVER-WORK OF THE BRAIN.-Dr. Richardson, in a late number of the Social Science Review, says: Men of letters, men of business who do their business through other hands and do great business, and men immersed in politics, induce in themselves the following maladies: Cardiac melancholy, or broken heart; dyspepsia, accompanied with great loss of phosphorus from the body; diabetes, consumption, paralysis, local and general; apoplexy, insanity, premature old age. They also suffer more than other men from the effects of ordinary disorders. They bear pain indifferently, can tolerate no lowering measures, are left long prostrate by simple depressing maladies, and acquire in some instances a morbid sensibility which is reflected in every direction, so that briskness of action becomes irritability, and quiet, seclusion and moroseness. They dislike themselves, and feel that they must be disliked; and if they attempt to be joyous, they lapse into shame at having dissembled, and fall again into gloom."

A MATABOULAI.

THE TONGA ISLANDERS.

THE Tonga Islands, formerly called the Friendly Islands, of which Tongataboo is one of the largest, are inhabited by a tribe of people nearly resembling the New Zealanders. Their language, according to Mr. Anderson, bears the greatest affinity imaginable to the idiom of that people.

In their physical character they are described as seldom above the common stature, of strong and stout form, great muscular strength rather than beauty, and not subject to the obesity which is observed among the Tahitians. "Their features," says Mr. Anderson, "are very various, insomuch that it is scarcely possible to fix on any general likeness by which to characterize them, unless it be a fullness at the point of the nose, which is very common. But, on the other hand, we met with hundreds of truly European faces, and many genuine Roman noses among them. Few of them have any uncommon thickness about the lips. The women have less of the appearance of feminine delicacy than those of most other nations. The general color is a cast deeper than the copper-brown; but several of the men and women have a true olive complexion, and some of the last are even a great deal fairer. This, we are told, is the case principally among the better classes, who are less exposed to the sun. Among the bulk of the people, the skin is more commonly of a dull hue, with some degree of roughness. There are some albinos among them.

FRUIT-CULTURE IN THE SOUTH.

THE PINE HILLS OF GEORGIA.

THE attention of the rural population of the South has hitherto been directed almost exclusively to the production of the great staples of that section-Cotton, Rice, Corn, and Sugar. These have always been, and will continue to be, profitable crops, and for large portions of the Sea-board Southern States they are doubtless better suited than any others; but those who entertain the notion that these States have no other important resources, are laboring under a very great mistake. Their immense undeveloped mineral deposits, when brought to light by the capital, skill, and energy which are now certain to be attracted thither, will astonish the Southern people themselves quite as much as the rest of the world. The almost unlimited water power now running to waste in every part of the middle and upper country, in the very neighborhood of the finest cotton-fields in the world and the best ranges for sheep, will ultimately make these regions rivals with whom New England will find it difficult to compete in cotton and woolen manufactures. It is not my purpose, however, to dwell on these points. There is another source of national as well as of individual wealth open to the South, which has been even more completely overlooked than either of those just mentioned, and it is to that which I desire to call special attention. I allude to fruit-culture.

It has been generally believed, even by the Southerners themselves, that the South is not adapted to the production of fruits. The apple and the pear, particularly, it was said, will not succeed there, and actual experiment was supposed to furnish a sufficient ground for the reiterated assertion.

Now and then a farmer would plant a few fruit trees in an "old field" (with no reference to a proper selection of varieties), or a few vines about his house, and leave them (unlike his cotton and his corn) to take care of themselves, which of course they failed to do; and as they did not thrive under this neglect, fruit-growing was pronounced impracticable.

Eventually a few enterprising individuals, less devoted to cotton and more enlightened in horticulture, set about the work of fruit-culture in earnest, and, pursuing a rational method, attained a degree of success which surprised even themselves. Especially was this the case in the "Middle Country," comprising the undulating and hilly regions of South Carolina and Georgia. The immense return realized by some of these pioneers in fruit-culture from their orchards and vineyards stimulated others, and led to the planting of numerous fruit-farms in particular localities, and the business, when intelligently carried on, has never failed to be exceedingly profitable. The adaptation of the South, so far at least as the regions just named is concerned, was demonstrated beyond all cavil; but the Southern people are not prone to adopt new systems, methods, or pursuits, and, with all its attractions and golden promises, fruit-culture has made but little progress beyond the few isolated neighborhoods in which it originated. The hills and

Having lately visited Middle Georgia for the special purpose of examining the country with reference to fruit-culture, many readers of the JOURNAL may be interested in a brief description of the particular region finally decided upon as, all things considered, best adapted to the wants of a fruit-grower or a settlement of fruit-growers of any in the State or in the South.

The region particularly referred to here (though the description will apply in the main to a large part of Middle Georgia) comprises portions of the Counties of Richmond and Columbia, and is intersected by the Georgia Railway, which connects Augusta with Atlanta.

Leaving Augusta, the castern terminus of this railway, which is situated on the level plain bordering the Savannah River, we soon begin to ascend, and at the distance of ten miles from the city are fairly among the Pine Hills. FACE OF THE COUNTRY.

I have given this region the name of "Pine Hills," in contradistinction from the more extensive pine lands of the "Low Country," which are quite level. The face of the country is, however, what may be most correctly described as undulating, the elevations reaching an altitude of three hundred feet above the river. The hillsides slope gradually, are susceptible of easy cultivation, and eminently adapted to vineyards. On their summits we generally find a plateau of from ten to a hundred acres or more in extent, and well suited to orchards. The valleys, though sometimes of considerable extent, are generally narrow, with a stream of water running through them. The hill-sides and valleys abound in springs. The scenery is pleasant, and in some cases quite picturesque and beautiful.

SOIL.

The soil is sandy. On the hills it is light colored and only moderately fertile. In the valleys it is darker and richer, and some of the bottom-lands bordering the creeks can boast a soil equal to that of the river valleys of the West. The subsoil is mainly a red clay lying at various depths below the surface. Below the red clay, which is of a comparatively coarse texture, are found, in some localities, immense beds of kaolin or porcelain clay of the finest quality, in some cases perfectly white and in others beautifully variegated. Here, it may be incidentally mentioned, may be found scope for the profitable employment of the potter's art, for this kaolin has been pronounced equal if not superior to that of which the famous Staffordshire ware is made in England.

WATER.

This region is watered by the Uchee Creek, Rae's Creek, and other tributaries of the Savannah, and all the streams furnish clear, soft running water. The water of the numerous springs is remarkably clear and pure, except in the few cases, in certain localitics, in which it is impregnated with iron.

FOREST GROWTH.

The original growth on the hills is the magnificent longleafed pine of the South-the monarch of the semitropical forest-known in its manufactured state to the lumber-dealer and builder of the North as the "Southern pine." Where this growth has been either wholly or partially removed by the lumberman, as is the case very generally in the immediate neighborhood of the railway, and the land not brought into cultivation, there has sprung up a growth of oaks of various species, but mainly of dwarfish habit, which contrast strongly both in size and in the color of their foliage with the dark, gigantic pines which here and there overshadow them.

In the bottom-lands which border the creeks, wateroak, hickory, maple, ash, sweet gum, black gum, and other deciduous trees form the principal growth, though there is often a mixture of swamp pines with them. The

Bullace or Muscadine grapevines abound everywhere, both on the hills and in the valleys.

SPONTANEOUS PRODUCTIONS.

Chickasaw plums (some of them excellent); persimmons; pawpaws (sometimes called "wild bananas" and one of the richest and most delicious of fruits); grapes; mulberries; blackberries; whortleberries; "May pops;" black walnuts, and hickory-nuts are among the spontaneous productions of the soil, to which may be added many plants used in medicine and the arts, and countless wild flowers, some of which have never been described by the botanist.

CULTIVATED CROPS.

The principal crops hitherto cultivated here are cotton, corn, Chinese sugar-cane, field peas, sweet potatoes, and Irish potatoes, with some wheat and rye and the ordinary garden vegetables. Peaches and figs grow almost spontaneously and are found on every farm; but in general little attention has been paid to them.

FRUIT-GROWING.

The cultivation of fruits is not, however, an untried experiment in the region of which I am writing. Mr. L. E. Berckmans, the distinguished Belgian pomologist, after having been engaged in fruit-culture-making the pear, however, his specialty-for fifty years, first in Europe and afterward in New Jersey, finally selected a place here as the scene of his future labors; and Mr. D. Redmond, one of the leading pomologists of the South, and well-known as for many years the editor and publisher of the Southern Cultivator, is so well convinced of the superior advantages of this locality that he is preparing to plant five or six hundred acres with fruit-trees and grapevines; and this after an experience here of more than fifteen years. I may add that the finest orchard, without exception, that I have ever seen, North or South, is in the immediate neighborhood of Mr. Redmond's present fruit-farm. It consists of peach, apple, and pear trees, all in the most perfect condition and in full bearing. It is a sight worth traveling many miles to see. Its proprietor is a Northern man who has brought his Yankee energy, industry, and skill to bear upon this generous Southern soil.

SOME FACTS AND FIGURES.

Nearly all the fruits of the temperate zone may be advantageously grown here. The cherry, the gooseberry, and the currant are perhaps partial exceptions. The grape, the peach, and the strawberry reach here a degree of excellence in sweetness and flavor utterly unknown in colder climates.

Strawberries may, by proper management, be kept in bearing for four or five months in succession, and sometimes they ripen in mid-winter. If planted in the fall they produce a good crop the next spring, commencing to ripen about the first week in April. They sell readily, in the markets of Augusta, Atlanta, Savannah, and Charleston, at from 25 cents to $1 per quart, and the supply has never yet equaled the demand; and they may even be sent to Nashville and Louisville.

Peach trees, in this climate, come into full bearing the third year from the bud; and I even saw trees in the nursery rows on Mr. Redmond's farm only two years old from the bud with peaches on them. They can be prevented from bearing only by nipping off the fruit. Peaches, carefully packed in crates, are sent from the neighborhood of Augusta to New York, the earliest varieties reaching this market from the twentieth to the twenty-fifth of June, and commanding at first as high as from $15 to $20 per bushel. An average of at least $5 may reasonably be counted upon. Once properly planted, one hand can cultivate from thirty to forty acres, extra help of course being required to gather and pack the fruit.

Apples and pears will probably prove even more profitable crops than peaches, as they are not liable to be cut off by late frosts, as the peach semetimes is even in this climate. They have, however, as yet been less extensively cultivated.

Grape-culture has been proved to be immensely profitable, a good and properly managed vineyard yielding an income of at least $600 per acre. One hand can attend from five to ten acres. The rot has affected the Catawba here as elsewhere of late, but the Scuppernong, the

Clinton, the Concord, and some other varieties have never failed.

The fig, that exquisite luxury of the South, so luscious and so nutritious, grows freely in the open air, bearing from two to three crops annually, and never failing. They require little attention. Here a man may literally "sit under his own vine and fig tree, with no one to molest or make him afraid."

CLIMATE.

The climate is mild, equable, and in the highest degree salubrious. No more healthful region, I confidently assert, can be found anywhere, either in America or in Europe. The fall and winter are absolutely delightful, and may be compared to a perpetual "Indian Summer," the heat of the true summer being then "tempered into a mild deliciousness." The work of the farmer is here never interrupted by deep snows or a frozen soil, and his heaviest labor is performed during the winter. In summer, the temperature is pretty high during the day, but on these breezy hills, not oppressive, and the nights are invariably cool.

DISPOSITION OF THE PEOPLE.

The country I have described is rather sparsely settled, the lands not being so well adapted to cotton as those of many other portions of the State. The people generally are quiet, peaceable, and well-disposed toward immigrants from the North or from Europe. Sensible and industrious persons who are disposed to settle here, and manifest a conciliatory spirit and a decent respect for the feelings and opinions of their neighbors, will receive a cordial welcome and a generous encouragement from the resident population.

CHEAP FARMS.

The breaking up of the old system of labor, necessitating a change in the methods formerly pursued in agriculture, together with the general impoverishment of the people, has thrown a great deal of land into the market and reduced prices to a very low figure. In the immediate vicinity of the railway, and within fifteen or twenty miles of Augusta, land admirably adapted to fruit-culture, market gardening, or general farming can be bought at from $10 to $12 per acre. Farther from the railway, it may be had at still lower prices. The tendency, however, is already upward, and these lands will soon command much higher prices, and especially will this be the case on the line of the railway. The greatest drawback to persons of small means is the fact that land is generally for sale only in larger tracts than such persons would wish to purchase; but this difficulty may readily be overcome by several persons combining to buy a tract and Those who are then dividing it to suit themselves. contemplating emigration to the "Sunny South," and especially fruit-growers and market-gardeners, will do well to investigate the claims of the PINE HILLS OF GEORGIA. D. H. JACQUES.

389 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

IMPRESSIONS.-The coming and going of the thoughts of the mind, the mysterious manner in which they sometimes break in upon us, fill us with inquiring wonder. But when we ascend to the spiritual, how greatly is that wonder increased: "Often deep spiritual impressions come most unexpectedly. It is night; the toils of the day are over, and the man has retired to rest. All is dark, lonely, and silent around him; the doors are fastened, and, with conscious security, he sinks into repose. But, see! a vision approaches; it halts right before his eyes; it illumines midnight with its brightness; it breaks the silence with its voice, and delivers a message from the Everlasting. What a symbol is this of a spiritual thought! It often comes into the chamber of a man's soul at night on his bed, breaks his slumbers, and shakes his spirit to its center. Nothing can exclude it-no walls, gates, bolts, nor locks can shut out a thought. He who made the mind knows its every avenue, and can reach it whenever and however he pleases."

OUR EMINENT DIVINES, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, WITH PORTRAITS.

ALBERT BARNES, D.D., distinguished as a pulpit orator and widely known as an author, was born in Rome, N. Y., December 1, 1798. In his youth he worked in his father's tannery, but conceiving a desire for the legal profession he commenced the study of law at home. In 1817 he entered Fairfield Academy, Connecticut, and continued there nearly three years, supporting himself by teaching school during the winter months. In 1819 he entered the senior class of Hamilton College, N. Y., and graduated in July, 1820. While at college, his intention was altered in regard to a pursuit; becoming a zealous convert to Christianity, he turned his attention and efforts toward the ministry, entered the seminary at Princeton, N. J., and after a thorough course of training, was in April, 1823, licensed to preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick, N. J. After preaching in various places he was ordained and installed February 25, 1825, the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Morristown, N. J. His ministry in Morristown continued five years, and was highly prosperous. In 1830 he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, and was duly installed in its pulpit. There he has ably and successfully maintained his charge, though at times against strong opposition on the part of a majority in the presbytery and synod of Philadelphia who were opposed to his theological views. Mr. Barnes is a very voluminous Biblical commentator, and his writings have a more extensive circulation than those of any other American religious author. He also contributes largely to several religious periodicals. As a pulpit orator he is calm, bold, and impressive, and ranks with the first American divines.

ISAAC FERRIS, D.D., LL.D., the present chancellor of the University of the city of New York, was born in New York, in October, 1798. He is a descendant of an old family which settled in Fairfield, Connecticut, early in the seventeenth century. He was educated and prepared for college in this city, and graduated at Columbia College when not quite 18 years of age. After a year's experience as teacher of the classics, he entered the Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church, and in May, 1820, being but 21 years old, was licensed to preach. Early in the year 1821 he took charge of the Reformed Dutch Church at New Brunswick, an important pastorate for so young a man, and conducted it very successfully. In the fall of 1824 he removed to Albany, to become the pastor of the Second Dutch Church. Here he remained eleven years. In 1836 he was called to the pulpit of the Market Street Dutch Church, New York. This church he found very much reduced by internal distraction, but by pursuing an energetic but discriminate policy it soon became prosperous and vigorous. In November, 1852, he was appointed chancellor of the University. At this time that institution was pecuniarily involved to a large amount, but by judicious effort, mainly prosecuted by Dr. Ferris, the liabilitics of the University were, in six months from the time he took the charge, successfully provided for. He received the degree of D.D. from Union College in 1834, and that of LL.D. from Columbia College in 1854. His published works are chiefly sermons and addresses. Rutgers Female Institute owes its existence in the main to his instrumentality. As a preacher he is clear, vigorous, and solid-commanding a position of eminence among American clergymen more by the depth and soundness of his learning than by mere rhetorical and popular graces.

CHARLES HODGE, D.D., a prominent

clergyman of the Presbyterian Church, was born in Philadelphia, December 28, 1797. He obtained his literary and theological training at Princeton, from the seminary of which place he graduated in 1819. In 1820 he was appointed assistant professor, and 1822 full professor in that seminary. He now occupies the chair of didactic, exegeti al, and polemic theology there. In 1825 he founded the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review," and has conducted it up to the present time. His "Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church" and "Way of Life" are the most read among his publications. Profoundly versed in theological erudition, he occupies a position for which all acknowledge him eminently adapted.

ANDREW L. STONE, D.D., was born in Oxford, Conn., November 25, 1815. His early education was received chiefly at home, but he studied for admission in college at the academies of Madison and Derby, Conn. He graduated with honor from Yale College in 1837, and subsequently became a teacher in the Deaf and Dumb Asylum of New York city. While engaged thus he pursued a course of study in preparation for the ministry at the Union Theological Seminary. He was first installed as pastor of the South Congregational Church in Middletown, Conn., where he remained four years and a half, or until January, 1849, when he accepted a call to the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston, Mass. He very successfully conducted the ministry of that important society for seventeen years. In February of this year he bid adieu to the church which had become linked with his name, and soon after sailed for San Francisco, Cal., having accepted an invitation to assume the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of that city. He is one of the most attractive pulpit orators of the day, a strong reasoner, and at the same time rich in fancy and copious in illustration.

was

THOMAS E. VERMILYE, D.D., born in New York city, February, 1803. His parentage is in part of Huguenot derivation. He completed a course of academic training at Yale College, and afterward studied divinity. He was for some years pastor of the principal Reformed Dutch Church in Albany, N. Y., from which he was called to the chief pastorate of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church in New York city, about 1839. Here he has remained ever since, pursuing his ministerial career with marked zeal and success. His church is said to be the oldest ecclesiastical organization on the continent of America,

LEONARD BACON, D.D., was born in Detroit, Michigan, February 19, 1802. His father was an Indian missionary from Connecticut, and the first settler of Tallmadge, Ohio. Dr. Bacon graduated from Yale College in 1820, and after a four years' course at the Andover Theological Seminary was installed pastor of the Centre Church, New Haven, Conn. This position he still occupies, a pastorate probably unequaled in duration. He is regarded as the champion of the religious denomination to which he belongs, the Congregational, both as a writer and pulpit orator. He has written an immense number of sermons, addresses, tracts, and doctrinal articles, contributing frequently to the prominent Congregational periodicals of the day. In the commencement of the late war Dr. Bacon strongly advocated antislavery views, although in that respect he can not be said to differ much from the general tendency of the New England clergy.

HORACE BUSHNELL, D.D., for many years pastor of the North Congregational Church, Hartford, Conn., was born at Washington, Conn., in 1802. His advantages for early education were not the best; he worked when a boy in a manufactory, but by dint of application prepared himself for college, and entered Yale, whence he graduated in 1827. Soon afterward he was engaged as literary editor of the Journal of Commerce of New York, a position which he held some time. In 1829 he became a tutor in Yale College, where he remained two years, at the same time studying theology and law. Early in 1833 the congregation with which he is now connected invited him to take its pastorate, which he did. In the course of his ministry he has written several books on theological subjects, besides contributing many philosophical and metaphysical essays to the literature of the day. Dr. Bushnell is remarkable in oratory for his dramatic expression, as well as for his imagination and pathos.

ROB'T J. BRECKINRIDGE, D.D., LL.D., was born at Cabell's Dale, Ky., March 8, 1800. After a thorough course of collegiate training he studied law and practiced in Kentucky for eight years. In 1832 he was ordained pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, in which connection he remained thirteen years, In 1845 he was elected to the presidency of Jefferson College, which position he held for two years, and then removed to Lexington, Ky., where he occupied the pulpit

of the leading Presbyterian Church of that city. In 1858 he was elected professor in the new seminary at Danville, a position for which he has shown himself well qualified. As a minister he stands among the most distinguished in the denomination to which he is attached; certainly none exert more influence in the Presbyterian General Assembly. He was the main originator of the Kentucky common school system, the general superintendence of which he at one time held.

HENRY WArd Beecher was born in Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813. After completing a course of study at Amherst College, Massachusetts, he entered the Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, which was at that time under the direction of his father. Leaving the seminary in 1837, he became settled first as a Presbyterian minister at Lawrenceburg, Indiana. He remained there but two years, after which he removed to Indianapolis, where he continued until 1847, when he accepted a call from Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., a society of orthodox Congregationalists. With this church he is still connected. Mr. Beecher is very widely known as a writer and lecturer, having achieved a reputation for oratorical ability probably unsurpassed among habitues of the pulpit. He is one of the founders of the Independent, a prominent religious newspaper published in New York city. His congregation is said to be the largost in the United States.

THEODORE L. CUYLER, was born at Aurora, N. Y., January 10, 1822. His father was a young lawyer of much promise, but died early, when Theodore was a mere child of four years. Theodore was carefully educated, graduated from Princeton College in 1841, and after a season of travel in Europe completed a course of theological study at the Princeton Seminary. He was first called to the pulpit of a Presbyterian Church at Burlington, N. J., where he remained three years. He next successfully established a new church at Trenton, N. J. In 1853 he accepted a call to the pulpit of the Market Street Reformed Dutch Church, New York, where he remained until 1860, when he took charge of the new Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, in Brooklyn, and has been most successful in his ministry therein. His congregation is the largest of the denomination. As a preacher he excels in description and rhetorical effects. Mr. Cu7ler is intimately identified with the cause of Temperance, both as a writer and speaker,

RICHARD SALTER STORRS, JR., D.D., was born at Braintree, Mass., August 21, 1821; graduated at Amherst College in 1839, and after a course of theological study at Andover Seminary was ordained pastor of the Harvard Congregational Church, Brookline, Mass., in 1845. He, however, remained but a year there, as in 1846 he assumed the charge of the Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, N. Y., where he still continues. As a speaker and writer he has acquired a superior reputation; his best known work is the "Graham Lectures." He has been associate editor of the Independent since its establishment in 1848. He is ornate and brilliant as a pulpit orator.

JOSEPH T. DURYEA, one of the pastors of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church in New York city, was born at Jamaica, L. I., December 9, 1834. He is of Huguenot descent. He received his early education in his native village, and subsequently entered Princeton College, New Jersey, where he graduated in 1856. Three years later he closed a theological course. In 1859 he was installed as the pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church at Troy, where he remained three years; then receiving a call to the Collegiate Church he accepted it and came to New York. Although a young man he has already taken a leading position in the Christian ministry. Is dignified and graceful as a speaker and well known as a writer. He has shown much zeal in the different charitable and reformatory movements of the day, and was very earnest in working in the interest of the late Christian Commission.

We purpose to follow this with the portraits and biographical sketches of representative clergymen of other denominations.

CHARACTERS.

ALBERT BARNES, D.D.

The first impression which the observer derives from an inspection of the countenance of this ecclesiastical celebrity is that of severe dignity. There is certainly much strength and sternness in his face, but, considering his age, and the severe mental toil of his life, due allowance must be made for the expression which profound meditation has engraven upon his countenance. His head is majestic in height. Veneration and Benevolence are magnificently proportioned, while Conscientiousness is strongly marked. The eyes manifest a depth of feeling and an earnestness of contemplation which is rarely to be met with. Earnestness and truthfulness would characterize his statements. Eloquence, too, would not be wanting to soften and round out his oratory. Honest in action, kind in motive, and devotional in sentiment--a more earnest, straight-forward, plain-spoken minister of the Gospel may not be found in the great field of theology.

ISAAC FERRIS, D.D., LL.D.

We may as well frankly admit that our engraving, in a great measure, fails to convey to our readers a truthful expression of the gentleman intended to be represented. In Dr. Ferris an air of serenity prevails. This distinguished man should be specially known for his mildness, calm dignity. There is considerable breadth between the anterior portions of the side-head which shows that he is not deficient in expedient, but rather disposed to arrange, construct, and adjust carefully even with mechanical precision whatever he may undertake. His head is large at Benevolence, and the whole forehead about the median line is strongly marked. Accuracy of statement should characterize his discourse; while a strict adherence to consistency would be manifest in all his operations. Firmness of purpose and thoroughness in the execution of his designs are also well indicated.

CHARLES HODGE, D.D.

Depth and breadth of thought corresponding with his breadth of brain should be a distinguishing feature of the mental qualities of this gentleman. The observing faculties are well developed. The whole expression of the countenance evinces a disposition strongly tending to thoughtfulness. A life of study has not been without its effects upon the facial expression. Good-nature, kindness, and geniality of humor should lubricate his whole nature. One can not gaze upon a countenance like this without feeling instinctively drawn toward it. Its mildness and benevolence inspire a most favorable impression, awakening a sentiment of ease in its presence and yet of respect for the talent and learning reflected through it. Dr. Hodge is not known to the world for any special brilliancy of intellect, but rather for profound erudition, the fruit of earnest and protracted study and application.

A. L. STONE, D.D., has a large head, especially in the upper part. The organs of Benevolence, Veneration, Firmness, Conscientiousness, Ideality, and Sublimity are specially large; Self-Esteem is also large, and

Approbativeness not deficient. We should think that the ingredient of humor would be strongly exhibited in his sermons. The eyes appear to be bubbling over with fun. We say this with all due respect for the cloth, but we think it is due to the man. There is much of pure, intellectual enjoyment in religion, and religion without enjoyment becomes a skeleton of formal gravityliteral religion without the spirit. Dr. Stone should be eloquent; those large Perceptives which loom out even from our inferior engraving show the practical cast of his illustrations. He is not deficient in policy and mechanical judgment; to build up a church and to maintain it in successful operation should be a matter of comparative ease with him. And that he has been successful in his enterprises as a Christian minister is not at all wonderful when we consider the character of the man as deduced from an examination of his organization.

THOMAS E. VERMILYE, D.D.

Our very inferior engraving conveys no adequate idea of the true character of this eminent clergyman. Our artist has given him a very coarse expression, which was not warranted by the excellent photograph copied from. The head is considerably above the average in size and is broad rather than high and long. There is more breadth of thought intellectually than depththat is, his philosophy takes a wider range and encompasses a broader field than the merely profound takes cognizance of. His is an emphatic, practical intellect. Kindness, mellowness, and geniality should mark the disposition. The full eyes betoken ease of expression and more than ordinary lingual ability. He should also be known for the practical nature of his efforts in the profession of which he is a member. He should be a working member of the household of faith as well as a zealous advocate of Christian principles.

LEONARD BACON, D.D.

The temperament of this gentleman indicates much of the vital or nutritive element. Not specially disposed to popularity, not inclined to court the favor of others, he would be known more for his steady, earnest zeal in the work which he felt called to do. He is evidently one of that class of ministers who stand firmly upon their own convictions of truth, and are unswervingly conscientious in their enunciations of it. The countenance exhibits this leading feature of his disposition. Fully impressed with the importance of his stewardship, he would go boldly forward in its performance. Yet there is no marked evidence of exclusiveness here; he would be much inclined to permit each one to act according to his best convictions of truth and duty. Dr. Bacon should be less likely to cherish prejudicial sentiments than many. Taste, care, and order should be strong characteristics pervading all his writings and discourses.

HORACE BUSHNELL, D.D.

This gentleman may be accounted one of the bulwarks of the denomination to which he is attached. He is rather spare in build and lacking somewhat in vital power. The mental temperament predominates. A close student, an earnest preacher, and a diligent worker, he has evident

ly given less attention to the nourishment of his physical forces than they might require. The deep-set eyes, and the forehead protuberant in the region of reflection, indicate the original thinker, the man of studious habits-the scholar. Possessing a finely cultivated intellect, richly stored with illustration and example, and possessing also a high-toned imagination, his discourses glow with graceful metaphor and delicate imagery. As an orator Dr. Bushnell probably stands first among New England clergymen. His style is clear, chaste, ornate, and winning. He is the Everett of pulpit orators.

ROBERT J. BRECKINRIDGE, D.D. Professor Breckinridge possesses a fine moral development, especially in the region of Veneration, Conscientiousness, Benevolence, and Firmness. He may be said to be even rigid in his views on theological questions. Once having fairly taken his staud after serious consideration, he would not be the one to yield his position easily. For steadiness and zeal in effort he probably has no superior among clergymen. With a mind well stored with the teachings of theology, he is well calculated to impart instruction in the interest of his church. He has a fine nose of the Grecian order, and the features, despite their angular outline, are fine and delicate. The engraving shows very little of the softness of the photograph and imparts a severity to the look which does not properly belong to it. The outline of the forehead is well indicated, and conveys an apt idea of his intellectual superiority.

HENRY WARD BEECHER.

Good health, good-nature, indeed, a disposition brimful of vivacity and sprightliness, speak for themselves in this countenance. The large, full eyes indicate fertility of language and susceptibility of soul. The head expanded in the region of Ideality, Constructiveness, and Sublimity indicates power and breadth of imagination-a nature that can almost soar "untrodden heights." The whole face is well proportioned. The mouth, as shown in our portrait, is too large to correspond well with the original. Practical, yet theoretical; matter-of-fact, yet in some respects utopian, hearty and earnest, yet liberal and concessive, this able exponent of Congregationalism may be taken as an excellent type of American proficiency in the realm of pulpit oratory. Liberal, yet politic and prudent; steadfast, yet aspiring; strict and precise in whatever appertains to integrity and manliness, Henry Ward Beecher may well command respect for the influence which his character and talents universally exert.

THEODORE L. CUYLER.

Our engraving of this gentleman does not do him justice. Our artist has failed to impart any anything like the true expression to the countenance. Such as it is, however, it exhibits a strong mental temperament. The vital forces are scarcely sufficient to meet the constant demand of an over-active brain. From early youth Dr. Cuyler has shown an ardor and enterprise in his calling rarely equaled. In the earnestness of his efforts he has doubtless strained every nerve, mental and physical, and thus kept his vital forces much below par. Large Language is indicated in the eyes; strong perceptive power