that we owe the blessing of sleep, and there seems little doubt that the phenomenon of hibernating animals is regulated by the same agency. The posterior portion of the hypophysis cerebri is originally derived from nerve structures; that it has nevertheless acquired the power of secreting an essence which profoundly influences a large number of organs is now beyond question. This essence raises the blood pressure, causes contraction of the involuntary muscles all over the body, including the intestines, the uterus and even the heart itself. The gland as a whole then, anterior part and posterior, is a most important organ. Its complete extirpation brings death in a few days.

There remain for brief consideration the gonads, the sex organs, which of course play very different parts according as they are typically male or typically female. But in truth typical instances are rare. Every man has some streaks of the woman in him, and every woman some streaks of the man. The whole subject is fascinating in the extreme, even its history. It takes us back to that inconsequent, and consequently unheeded, genius Brown-Sequard, and lands us in the lap of the Daily Mail and the monkey gland. I am, however, warned that no mere physician need flatter himself that he can teach any member of a psychological society anything about any question relating to sex. I shall therefore content myself by reminding you that there are such things as interstitial glands, both in testis and ovary, and that their influence in the two sexes is, in the former, to produce maleness; and in the latter femaleness. I need not insist upon what these terms imply either in outward and visible signs or in inward and spiritual graces. I need indeed go no further than to quote the saying of Virchow that whereas woman is a pair of ovaries with a human being attached, man is a human being furnished with a pair of testes. I feel that I may, however, without fear of being altogether banal even to psychologists, refer to one aspect of the question which offers a key to a problem of our present civilisation which is very generally discussed. Why are there so many unhappy marriages? The answer is that in the vast majority of cases, that is, when one of the contracting parties is a virgin, there are not, and in the nature of things there cannot be, any reliable data upon which the other contracting party, the man, can form any considered opinion as to the suitability or otherwise of the lady to whom he is attracted. At a certain age, the ordinary marriageable age, the man is usually a complete physiological entity, whereas the girl is not. A woman cannot be said to be hormonically complete until she has had a child, still less can she be so considered until she has been through the ordeal of sexual congress, for

the hormone of the male prostate is essential to the physiological perfecting of the female. It is said that marriage is a lottery. It is, in the case of both parties; but it is far more of a lottery in the case of the man than it is in the case of the woman. A man marries a cocoon, and there is nothing, except perhaps a contemplation of his future mother-in-law, to enable him to gauge what will emerge from that cocoon; whether it will be the beautiful and dutiful butterfly of his daydreams, or a scarifying scorpion, accompanied, as in the zodiac, by twins. It is said that widows are dangerous: it would seem from these considerations that in the matrimonial market they are far less dangerous than maidens.

I have now endeavoured to sketch the evolution of the vegetative mind from the original ganglion cells through the sympathetic system to the supra-renal capsules, and hence to the whole endocrine system. I have sought to bring before you only so much of this system as seems to have a bearing upon the general make-up of the individual, mental as well as physical. It is, as you know, impossible to dissociate the two. Even the least experienced of us can claim to some extent to judge a person's character by his outward seeming, his voice, his gesture, his shape and colour, and his eyes. If therefore you grant to the endocrines the responsibility for the one, the other follows as a matter of course. If a man's conduct is determined by his endocrines, so also is his character, for character is only conduct so often repeated as to become habitual.

It comes then to this: the vegetative mind, the subconscious, is an entity in the creation of which the endocrines play a preponderant part, and they continue to dominate it during the whole life of the individual. If the endocrine balance becomes altered by environment, accident or disease, then the individual becomes changed bodily as well as mentally. I need only instance the effects of surgical castration in either sex, or the physiological castration of the menopause, to remind you of the really astounding mental and physical changes which the withdrawal of a single hormone may produce.

The position then would seem to be this. We are born with a certain endocrine pattern which we obtain from our parents by way of their gonads. This pattern is capable of an almost infinite variety within the four corners of what may legitimately be called the normal. That is, the proportions in which the various hormones are admixed at birth may vary considerably in the case of, say, four brothers all of whom may be perfectly normal. The one may be a man of action, the other a scientist, the third an ecclesiastic, the fourth an artist, and each may deservedly rise to high distinction in his calling. The trend in each case

is initiated by the exact proportions in which their hormones are mixed, and this in its turn seems to be determined by some considerations which stand in need of closer investigation, and others which are obvious. Among the former are the states of mind and body of both parents at the time of conception. It is easy to believe that child begotten in drunkenness would be unsatisfactory, because of the poisoned hormones. It is a very common observation that a love-child is nearly always strong mentally and physically, a fact which tells of busy endocrines and stimulated senses. The state of health and of mind of both parties must obviously make a great difference in the offspring; whether for example the female is merely passive or active, either in sympathy or antipathy. If the endocrine balance is not determined by these and similar subtleties, how comes it that all the children of the same parents do not resemble each other as closely as most twins do?

Of the obvious influences which determine the endocrine pattern, and hence the type of the unconscious mind, perhaps the most obvious are those which are summed up in the term environment. Climate, which is only another way of saying race; for climate determines racial characteristics: education, both home and institutional, which is only another way of saying suggestion; for all training is fundamentally suggestive: and finally, food, the type of material from which the tissuewaste is replenished-these are the factors in environment which concern us here. In the matter of climate we have only to look at the question of colour. The dark races have not developed their pigment out of mere superfluity of naughtiness. They have developed it by the aid of their pituitaries and their adrenals to protect themselves against certain deleterious rays of the solar spectrum. When the question of colonising with white races continents whose aborigines were coloured, comes to be studied scientifically, it will be found that it is only the white woman who is capable of producing enough pigment to protect her thyroid and her ovaries, who will escape sterility; and that the white man similarly endowed with vigorous pigment-forming glands is the only one who can successfully resist the onslaught of tropical conditions and disease. The Spaniard in America-yes. The Scandinavian-no. The Jew-anywhere; because he can change his pigment as easily as he changes his coat or his nationality.

That education is merely a process partly of organised and purposeful suggestion, and largely of suggestion which is purely fortuitous and haphazard, must be obvious to anyone who will give the matter a moment's serious consideration. The very language you speak, and the way in

which you speak it, the manner of your address and the tone of your bearing, are the outcome of suggestion acting on the imitative faculty. That you should behave like a lady or a gentleman, instead of like a fishwife or a costermonger, depends solely on the suggestions which you received when young. That you should be an Anglican or a Roman Catholic, a Buddhist or a Presbyterian, is purely a matter of suggestion, for you certainly did not at the age of six or seven, when your nebulous superstitions were beginning to assume a definite religious form, examine into the foundations of the various creeds and make a deliberate choice. This factor of suggestion is one of enormous importance in the eventual determination of the endocrine pattern, for the various glands of the system will have to adapt themselves to the surrounding suggestional atmosphere, and when they fail to do so, trouble arises. If, for instance, a boy finds that he is expected by his widowed mother and her entourage to be active and aggressive, to behave in fact as though he had a vigorous adrenal cortex, whereas in reality his equipment in that direction is originally meagre, he will, if he can, develop the necessary amount of cortex and gradually present the characteristics demanded of him. If he fails, he finds himself increasingly out of harmony with his surroundings, and there ensues a failure of adaptation, always painful, often pathetic. Psychologists talk a good deal about such failures, but not very many of them realise that these difficulties are primarily and fundamentally of endocrine origin. When the glandular cause of such conflicts comes to be generally recognised, their treatment by psychical methods will be rendered very much more simple and satisfactory by reinforcing it with remedial measures applied to the glands themselves.

And so we come to the third and last element in environment, namely food; the substance, that is, which we ingest in order to repair the waste which is inevitable in the working of these busy and bountiful glands. And in this connexion let me remind you yet again, that the endocrines are amongst the oldest organs which we possess. Active in the most primitive of living things, they gradually developed themselves until they arrived at the stage in which, as a complicated system, we find them in primeval man. During the whole of this period there has been progress in development-evolution towards higher and more efficient types; which means that during this period the endocrines have been adequately supplied from outside sources with material which was perfectly adapted not only to health, but to progress; that the income was not only sufficient for every-day needs, but was such as to allow of a balance which would permit of fresh enterprise and undertaking. Now

what was this material? Originally of course it derived from the sea; the amphibian found it both on land and in the sea, and the complete land animal found a sufficiency of it on the earth. The characteristic of the food in all the stages of evolution upon which I wish to insist is that it was alive. When it was eaten it was either actually living or so recently dead as to be chemically alive, that is, before any cadaveric changes had taken place. And this characteristic continued to pervade the food of the animal kingdom until long after man emerged. There must obviously have been a stage in human development, a precoctural stage, as it has been called, in which man knew nothing about the cooking-stove, and it was as obviously at that stage that he succeeded in raising himself above the level of the brute creation to become what he now is. Whether his initiation into the aesthetic advantages of cooking are accurately represented by Charles Lamb's jeu d'esprit I will not stop to enquire; it is at any rate quite certain that the cooking of food was, and is, as great a departure from normal evolutionary conditions as the distillation of alcoholic drinks.. We have come to regard cooked food as natural and normal, whereas it is in reality grossly abnormal and unnatural. And the reason for this has been supplied within the last few years by the discovery of the vitamines. Vitamines are substances which are essential to our growth and development when young, and necessary to the maintenance of health and efficiency in adult and advancing years. Now, broadly speaking, it is true to say that vitamines are present in uncooked foods and absent from foods which have been cooked. They are very delicate and labile substances which are destroyed or driven off by any culinary process. So that although we may legitimately enjoy cooked foods, even as we enjoy tobacco and alcoholic drinks, honesty compels us to place the three in the some category; that is, of things which, though nice, are physiologically naughty. The naughtiness of cooked foods resides in the fact that they contain no vitamines, and without vitamines you cannot have well-developed and harmoniously working endocrine glands. If you will carry your minds back, you cannot fail to realise that it is only since we began boiling our children's milk against the bacillus of tubercle that the said children have developed the comparatively new diseases of rickets, adenoids and appendicitis, all of which are endocrine diseases, and that the said boiling so far from decreasing the incidence of tuberculosis, has actually contributed largely to its increase. The only method of combating tuberculosis, or any other disease for that matter, is to strengthen the individual against attack by looking to his physiological defences. To try and kill the bacilli with