THE SHERMAN LAW AND AMENDMENTS THERETO. The following is the text concerning trusts: SEC. 1. Every contract, combination in the form if trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of rade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract, or ngage in any such combination or conspiracy shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conriction thereof shall be punished by a fine not receding $5,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding te year, or by both said punishments, in the disretion of the Court. Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with my other person or persons to monopolize any part f the trade or commerce among the several States. e with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be unished by a fine not exceeding $5,000, or by mprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both ald punishments, in the discretion of the Court. SEC. 3. Every contract, combination in form of rust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of rade or commerce in any Territory of the United tates, or the District of Columbia, or in restraint trade or commerce between any such Territory nd another, or between any such Territory or Territories and State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or oreign nations, is hereby declared illegal. Every erson who shall make any such contract, or engage any such combination or conspiracy, shall be eemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction bereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding 5,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, by both said punishments, in the discretion of be Court. SEC. 4. The several Circuit Courts of the United tates are hereby invested with jurisdiction to preent and restrain violations of this act; and it shall e the duty of the several District Attorneys of the cited States, in their respective districts, under he direction of the Attorney General, to institute oceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such blations. Such proceedings may be by way of tition setting forth the case and praying that such elation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. hen the parties complained of shall have been ely notified of such petition, the Court shall proceed, soon as may be, to the hearing and determinaon of the case; and pending such petition and fore final decree, the Court may at any time make h temporary restraining order or prohibition as all be deemed just in the premises. SEC. 6. Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned in transportation from one State to another, or to a Section 1 of this act, and being in the course of foreign country, shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law. SEC. 7. Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of anything forbidden or declared to be unlawful by this act may sue therefor in any Circuit Court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the costs of sult, including a reasonable attorney's fee. SEC. 8. That the word "person" or "persons" whenever used in this act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State or the laws of any foreign country Approved July 2, 1890. CLAYTON ACT. Suits and proceedings against a corporation may acting business. be brought in any district wherein found or transrun Subpoenas may into any district, except that in civil cases permission of Court must be had to bring witness more than 100 of individual directors, officers or agents authormiles. Violations by corporations deemed also that izing, or doing any of acts constituting violation in ened loss provided for, and temporary injunctions whole or in part. Injunctive rellef against threatwithout notice under stringent safeguards (giving security, prompt and early hearing, etc.). Special provisions enacted to cover disputes between employers and employees. In general so-called "strikes" and "striking" by laboring men and unions where peaceable means and methods alone are employed cannot be enjoined. Persons or corporations wilfully disobeying orders, decrees, etc., issued under the Sherman law may, in certain cases, be proceeded against as for criminal contempt. In such cases defendant may demand jury trial. Punishment for contempt is not to exceed $1,000 fine, nor six months' imprisonment. These provisions do not apply to contempts committed in presence of the Court, or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice. The Sherman and Clayton acts do not apply to labor or farmers' unions not run for profit. SEC. 5. Whenever it shall appear to the Court WEBB EXPORT TRADE ACT. The Webb Export Trade Act, approved April 10, 1918, permitted combinations or associations of persons in the United States for the purpose of selling American goods abroad at prices which would compete with the foreign manufacturers or combinations. rst. No member of the association is allowed than one vote because of the amount of stock embership capital he may own therein, or, 1. The association does not pay dividends on or membership capital in excess of 8 per a per annum. And in any case to the follow"hird. The association shall not deal in the ts of non-members to an amount greater in han such as are handled by it for members. 2. If the Secretary of Agriculture shall have 10 believe that any such association monopo⚫restrains trade in interstate or foreign com An merce to such an extent that the price of any agricultural product is unduly enhanced by reason thereof, he shall serve upon sucn association a complaint stating his charge in that respect, to which complaint shall be attached, or contained therein, a notice of hearing, specifying a day and place not less than thirty days after the service thereof, requiring the association to show cause why an order should not be made directing it to cease and desist from monopolization or restraint of trade. association so complained of may at the time and place so fixed show cause why such order should not be entered. The evidence given on such a hearing shall be taken under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe, reduced to writing, and made a part of the record therein. If upon such hearing the Secretary of Agriculture shall be of the opinion that such association monopolizes or restrains trade in intersta.e or foreign commerce to such an extent that the price of any agricultural product is unduly enhanced thereby, he shall issue and cause to be served upon the assoclation an order reciting the facts found by him, directing such association to cease and desist from monopolization or restraint of trade. The law further provides that either side to the controversy may appeal to the U. S. District Courts. BUSINESS (CORP.) AND COMPENSATION LAWS. or the laws of the various States and Territories of the Union bearing on business corporations Workmen's Compensation, consult The 1923 World Almanac and Book of Facts. Tue Tusiness Laws begin on page 177 of that publication, and the Compensation Laws on page 204. COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE UNITED STATES. The copyright law approved March 4, 1909, | cases and another fee of $1 paid. (b) In the ca which took effect on July 1, 1909, provides that of photographs not intended for general circulatio the application for registration of any work "shall one photographic print. (c) In the case of wor specify to which of the following classes the work ings or plastic works of a scientific or techni of art (paintings, drawings, sculpture), or of dra in which copyright is claimed belongs": character, one photograph or other identifying p duction of the work. In the case of a motl picture photo-play, a title and description and o print taken from each scene or act. In case of motion picture other than a photo-play, a *13 and description with not less than two prints to t taken from different sections of a complete moti picture. In all these cases, if the work is lat reproduced in copies for sale, two copies mus then be deposited." (a) Books including composite and cyclopaedic works, directories, gazetteers and other compilations; (b) periodicals, including newspapers; (c) lectures, sermons, addresses, prepared for oral delivery: (d) dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; (e) musical compositions: (1) maps: (g) works of art, models or designs for works of art: (h) reproductions of a work of art: (1) drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character: (1) photographs: (k) prints and pictorial illustrations. The amendment of Aug. 24, 1912. adds: (1) motion picture photo-plays: (m) motion pictures other than photo-plays. The application for registration of any article should distinctly specify to which one of these classes the work belongs. For registration of any work subject to cop right, $1, which sum is to include a certificate registration under seal. But only one registratio at one fee is required in the case of several volume of the same book deposited in the Copyright Offic at the same time. For every additional certifica of registration, or copy of record under seal, 5 cents. In the case of photographs the fee shall_b 50 cents where a certificate is not requested. Fo For works reproduced in copies for sale or public distribution: 1. Publish the work with the copyright notice. The notice may be in the form "Copy-recording and certifying an assignment of cops right, 19.... (year date of publication), by... right, or for a certified copy of an assignment, 31 (name of copyright proprietor), or in the case of if the instrument is not over three hundred word works specified above (f) to (k) the notice may in length; if more than three hundred and less that consist of the letter C inclosed in a circle (C) ac- one thousand words in length, $2; if more than on companied by the initials, monogram, mark o thousand words in length, $1 additional for each symbol of the proprietor-provided that his name additional one thousand words or fraction therea shall appear on some accessible part of the copies." over three hundred words. 2. Promptly after publication sena to the Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., two copies (or if the work is by a foreign citizen and is first published in a foreign country, one copy only) of the best edition of the work, with an application for registration. In the case of motion picture photo-plays and of motion pictures other than photo-plays a description of the work must be filed, together with copies of the reels, and a money order payable to the Register of Copyrights for the statutory registration fee of $1. In the case of books by American authors, or permanent residents of the United States, the copies deposited must be accompanied by an affidavit, under the official seal of an officer authorized to administer oaths, stating that the typesetting, printing and binding of the book have been performed within the United States. Affidavit and application forms will be supplied by the Copyright Office on request. Books of foreign_origin in a language or languages other than English are not required to be manufactured in the United States. In the case of a book in the English language published abroad before publication in this country, an ad interim copyright for four months from the day of the deposit of the foreign copy may be secured by depositing in the Copyright Office one complete copy of the foreign edition within sixty days after its publication abroad. If two copies of such book manufactured in this country are deposited with application for registration and fee ($1) published during the ad interim term, the copyright shall be extended for the full term of twenty-eight years. For works not reproduced in copies for sale: Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works (see a, b, c, below) of which coples are not reproduced for sale, by filing in the Copyright Office an application for registration, with the statutory fee of $1, sending therewith: (a) In the case of lectures or other oral addresses or of dramatic or musical compositions, one complete manuscript or typewritten copy of the work. This privilege of registration, however, does not exempt the copyright proprietor from the deposit of printed copies of a dramatic or musical composition or lecture where the work is later reproduced in copies for sale. A new application must be made in such The original term of copyright runs for twenty eight years. Within one year prior to the expira tion of the original term, the author, if living, o the widow or widower of the author, or the childre of the author if he be not living: or if none of the be living, then the author's executors. or in the absence of a will the author's next of kin, may secure a renewal for a further term of twenty-eight years, making fifty-six years in all. In case cl composite works. if the proprietor secured the original copyrights, he may also secure the renewal. Copyrights are assignable by an instrument of writing. INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT RELATIONS. Copyright is not secured in foreign countries by action in the Copyright Office. but only by com plying with the legislation of such countries. Copyright relations have been established with the following foreign countries by proclamation of the President: Austria, Belgium, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain and the British possessions, Italy. Luxem burg, Mexico, Netherlands and possessions, Norway, Portugal, Siam, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis. Copyright proclamations have been issued under Sec. 1 (e) of the act of 1909, securing copyright control of mechanical musical reproduction in the U. S to citizens or subjects of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Luxemburg, Nethe lands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Sweden and Switzerland. The convention with Hungary includes such protection. Copyright treaties have also been entered into with China, Japan and Hungary (the latter in effect on Oct. 16. 1912). The Copynght Convention of Mexico of 1902 was ratified by the United States and became effective from July 1, 1908. as between the United States and Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Salvador The Pan-American Copyright Convention signed at Buenos Ayres in 1910 was proclaimed July 16. 1914, and is effective as between the United States and Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Re public, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay. TRADE-MARK LAW, SUMMARY OF A trade-mark may be defined as an arbitrary word or symbol actually used on articles of merchandise to indicate where they come from, that 1s, who makes them. A trade-mark which has been so used in commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, or with Indian tribes, may be registered in the Patent Office by any person, firm, corporation, or association owning such mark. No trade-mark is registerable under the Act of Feb. 20, 1905, which is merely a geographical name or term, or which consists merely in a surname firm name, or corporation name not distinctively displayed, or merely in words or devices descriptive of the goods upon which it is used. If the owner of a trade-mark which is not register able under the Act of Feb. 20, 1905, has had bona fide trade-mark use thereof for one year, such trade-mark may be registered under the provisions of the Act of March 19, 1920. A registration under the Act of March 19, 1920. is not prima facie evidence of ownership. The records of the Patent Office pertaining to registered trade-marks are open to public inspection and may be examined by the applicant or any person he may desire to assist him. In order to identify any particular trade-mart registered in the Patent Office, the registry number, or the date of registration and the name of registrant should be given. CRIMES AND PENALTIES. In Colorado the death sentence is not imposed where the conviction is had on circumstantial evidence, nor on one under 18 years of age. In Delaware the jury may recommend commutation of the death sentence to imprisonment for life. In Delaware killing by husband of man found in adultery with wife is a misdemeanor, not a felony. While the penalties for homicide are not pre-ming, not less than 20 up to life: Alaska, not less than cisely uniform throughout the various States of the 15: Hawaii, 20 up to life; District of Columbia, not Union, except for the continuance or the abolish- less than 20 up to life. ment of capital punishment, they are similar. With regard to other serious crimes, likewise, differences are more seeming than real. Felonies, such as manslaughter, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny, are in some States subdivided into degrees, first, second, third and even fourth; while in others there is A single general classification. Where there is no subdivision into degrees, however, the modifying of penalties by reason of attending circumstances results in the same effect as though there were de grees. CRIMES AGAINST THE UNITED STATES. Treason-Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them, or adheres to their enemies, giving them ald and comfort, is guilty of treason. The penalty upon conviction is imprisonment for not less than 5 years, fine of not less than $10,000, or death. Misprision of treason consists in general of having knowledge of, concealing and not disclosing the treason of others. The penalty is imprisonment for not more than 7 years, and fine of not more than $1,000; or both fine and imprisonment. Rebellion or insurrection is the inciting, setting on foot, assisting or engaging in armed resistance to the execution of the laws by two or more. The penalty on conviction is imprisonment for not more than 10 years, fine of not more than $10.000, or both. Offenses against the mails fall into two general classes: one, the misuse of the mails for immoral or fraudulent purposes; the other, robbing the mails; penaltles vary with the nature of the particular offense. CRIMES AGAINST THE STATES, PROVIDED FOR IN STATE PENAL CODES Bank Hold-Up-Kan., 10 to 50 yrs.; No. Dak., 30 yrs. or less. rape or robbery. Murder in the First Degree may be generally defined to be the unlawful, intentional and premeditated killing of a human being, or such a killing resulting from the commission or attempt to commit one of the graver crimes, such as arson, burglary, Murder in the Second Degree is such a killing without premeditation, or resulting from the attempt to commit some lesser crime. The penalty for murder in the first degree by the Federal Statutes is death by hanging. Hanging is also the penalty in Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Missouri, New Mexico, Hawall and the District of Columbia. Death by hanging or life Imprisonment in Alabama, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, Oregon West Virginia and Wyoming. Alaska and Porto Rico. In Illinois, hanging or imprisonment not less than 14 years to life. In Texas, hanging, or any term of imprisonment not less than 5 years. Death by electricity In Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Vermont. Death by electricity or life imprisonment in Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Oklahoma and South Carolina. Life imprisonment in Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota and Wisconsin. In the State of Utah, the penalty may be death or life imprisonment; if death, the convicted person may choose between hanging or shooting. In Tennessee, the jury may fix the term of imprisonment. In the State of Washington, the jury may, by special verdict, find for the death penalty. In New Jersey and Oregon penalty is death, unless jury recommends life imprisonment; in Nevada, lethal gas. Murder in the second degree is punished in the Federal Constitution by imprisonment for not less than 10 years to life. The same penalty, not less than 10 years up to life is imposed in the States of Arizona, Idaho, Iowa, Nebraska, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah. Not less than 10 (the statutes not mentioning life imprisonment) is the penalty in Alabama, California, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Washington and Porto Rico. Life imprisonment is the penalty in Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont. The statutes of Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas have no second degree murder classification. In Arkansas the penalty is from 5 to 21 years; Maryland, 5 to 18; Michigan and New Hampshire, any term of years to life; no minimum term mentioned. New Jersey, not over 30; New Mexico, 3 or more: New York, not less than 20 up to life; North Carolina, 2 to 30; North Dakota, 10 to 30: Pennsylvania, not over 20; Tennessee, 10 to 20; Virginia and Vest Virginia, 5 to 18; Wisconsin, 14 to 25; Wyo Manslaughter may be defined as a killing either unintentionally resulting from the careless or unlawful doing of some otherwise lawful act or from the commission of some unlawful act of comparatively trivial character or intentionally in the heat of passion and without premeditation. Penalties for manslaughter vary, scarcely any two States fixing precisely the same. Many of the States do not subdivide Into first and second. Where there is but the single heading the penalties are as follows: California (not over 10), Connecticut (not over 10 years and fine of $1,000), Delaware (1-10 and $500 to $5,000), Florida (not over 20 or $5,000), Idaho (not over 10), Illinois (any term up to life fixed by the Division of Pardons and Paroles). Indiana (2-21), Iowa (not over 8 and $1,000), Louisiana (not over 20 and $2,000), Maine (not over 20 and $1.000, or both), Maryland (not over 10 or $500), Massachusetts (not over 20), Michigan (15 or not over $1,000), Mississippi (not over 20 and $500), Montana (not over 10), Nebraska (1-10), Nevada (not over 10), New Jersey (not over 10), New Mexico (1-10), North Carolina (4 months to 20 years), Ohio (1-20), Oregon (1-15 and $5,000), Rhode Island (not over 20), South Carolina (2-30). Texas (2-5) Vermont (not less than 1 up to life or $1,000), Virginia (1-15), Washington (not over 20 and fine), Wyoming (1-20), Alaska (1-15), District of Columbia (not over 15, or $1,000, or both). Where slaughter in the first is: Alabama (1-10), Arizona two degrees are specified the penalty for man(not over 10), Arkansas (2-7), Colorado (1-8), Georgia (1-20). Kansas (5-21), Kentucky (2-21). Minnesota (5-20), Missouri (not less than 5), New Hampshire (not over 30), New York (not over 20), Pennsylvania (not over 12 and $1,000). South Dak North Dakota (5-15), Oklahoma (not less than 4). ota (not less than 4), Tennessee (2-10). Utah (1-10), West Virginia (1-5), Wisconsin (5-10), Hawaii (10-20), Porto Rico (not over 10). And for second degree: In Alabama (not over 1 and $500), Georgia (1-3), Kansas (3-5), Kentucky (1-6), Minnesota (1-15), Missouri (3-5), New Hampshire (not over $1,000, or both), North Dakota (1-15), Oklahoma 10 or $1,000, or both), New York (not over 15 or (2-4), Pennsylvania (not over 2 and $1,000), South Dakota (2-4), Tennessee (1-15), Utah (not over 1), West Virginia (court fixes penalty), Wisconsin (4-7). Hawail (5-10). Porto Rico (not over 10). Assault with Intent to Kill-Under Federal Statutes, assault with intent to kill or to commit a rape is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years, while assault with intent to commit a felony other than murder or rape is punishable by not more than 5 years' imprisonment and a fine of not over $3,000. In Iowa assault with intent to kill is punishable by 10 years' imprisonment; not over 10 in Kansas, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York and Oklahoma; from 1 to 10, North Dakota, Oregon, Virginia; not less than 10 in Porto Rico; 1 to 14, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Nevada, Wyoming; 1-20, Maine, Rhode Island and Utah; Alabama (2-20), Arizona (5 up to life), Arkansas (1-21), Connecticut (10-30), Delaware (not over 3), Florida (not over 20), Georgia and Maryland (2-10), Indiana (2-14 and $2,000), Kentucky (1-5), Louisiana (not over 2 and $1,000), Michigan (any term to life or $8,000), Minnesota (5-10 and not over $100), Mississippi (not over 5 or $1,000), Montana (5-10). Nebraska and Texas (2-15), New Hampshire (not over 20), New Jersey (not over 7 or $200, or both), New Mexico (1 to 25 years or $1,000), North Carolina (fine or imprisonment, or both), Ohio and Alaska (1-15), Pennsylvania (not over 7 and $1,000), South Dakota (not over 5), Tennessee (3-21), Vermont (not over 10 and $1,000), Washington (not less than 5), West Virginia (2-10), Wisconsin (1-5 or $1,000), Hawaii (not over 5 and a fine), District of Columbia (not over 15). In Texas, an assault with a dagger incurs a double penalty. In Iowa, assault with intent to commit a rape not more than 20). Rape-In Federal Courts, rape is punishable with death by hanging. While many States have death as the extreme penalty, in few is it the same one. Arkansas and North Carolina (death by electricity), Alabama, Delaware, Kentucky, and Louisiana (hanging), Florida and Mississippi (hanging or life Imprisonment), Georgia (hanging or 1-20), Missouri (hanging or not less than 5), Oklahoma electrical execution or not less than 15), South Carolina (elec trical execution or 5-40), Tennessee (electrical execution or not less than 10 to life). Texas (hanging or not less than 5 to life), Virginia (electrical execution or 5-20), West Virginia (hanging or 7-20), District of Columbia (hanging or 5-30). Many of the States do not inflict the death penalty. Arizona (5 to life), California (not over 50), Colorado (3 to life), Connecticut (not over 20), Idaho (not less than 5 to life), Illinois (1-life), Indiana (2-21), Iowa (any term to life), Kansas (5-21), Maine (any term of years), Maryland (hanging or 18 months-21 years), Massa-York, North Dakota, South Dakota (not less than chusetts and Michigan (any term to life), Minnesota (7-30), Montana (not less than 5), Nebraska (3-20), Nevada (not less than 20 up to life), New Hampshire (not over 30), New Jersey (not over 15, or $5,000, or both), New Mexico (5-20), New York (10-20), North Dakota (not less than 1), Ohio and Oregon (3-20) Pennsylvania (not over 15 and $1,000), Rhode Island (not less than 10 up to life), South Dakota (not less than 10), Utah and Washington and Porto Rico (not less than 5), Vermont (not over 20 or $2,000, or both), Wisconsin (1-30), Wyoming (not less than 1 up to life), Alaska (3-20), Hawail (up to life and $1.000). The rape of a daughter, sister or female under 12 is punishable in Alaska by life imprisonment. In Indiana rape of female under 12, life imprisonment. In Nevada rape accompanied with extreme violence may be punished by death or imprisonment not less than 20 years in jury's dis cretion. (not less than 5 up to life), Alabama, Georgia and Illinois (1-20), Arkansas, California, Idaho, Montana, Alaska and Porto Rico (1-15). Connecticut, Michigan and Hawaii (not over 20), Indiana (10-20.. Kansas (10-20), Mississippi (7-15), Nevada and Wyoming (1-14), New Hampshire (not over 30 New Mexico (3-12), Oklahoma (7-20), Oregon, Tennessee and Wisconsin (5-15), Pennsylvania (not over 10 and $10,000), Texas (2-12), Utah (25-40), Vermont (not over 15 or $1,000), District of Columbia (not over 15), West Virginia (2-15), Minnesota, New 10), Missouri and Washington (not less than 5). Arkansas (3-7), Colorado and Nebraska (1-10), Kentucky (2-10), Maryland (3-10). Burglary by means of dynamite or other explosives is punished in Colo rado by imprisonment from 25 to 40 years; in WISconsin (15-40), and in Wyoming (not over 20). Quite a number of States have no heading of second degree burglary. These are Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michi gan, Nebraska, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Wyoming, also the District of Columbia. The penalties where it is specified do not show as much variance as in the first degree. Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Massachusetts (not over 20), Delaware, Georgia and Utah (1-20), Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina and Hawait (not over 10), Maine (1-10), Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada and New Hampshire (not over 5), Texas (not less than 5). Dakota, Tennessee and Virginia (3-10), Indiana North Dakota and New Mexico (1-5), Oregon, South (2-14) Kansas (5-10), Missouri (not less than 2), Ohio (1-15), Oklahoma (2-7), Pennsylvania (no over 10 and $500), Vermont (not over 10 or $1,000, Washington (not over 15), Wisconsin (3-8). Alaska (2-5), Porto Rico (not over 2).. Robbery may be generally defined as the theft of property from the person or immediate presence of the victim, accomplished by force or fear. Where degrees of robbery are recognized, the distinction is generally determined by whether the thief be armed or unarmed, though some States also distinguish the second from the first degree, where the theft is a complished by means of threats of future rather than immediate injury. In the following synopsis, degrees are not considered. Federal Statutes fix the Alabama punishes robbery by death (hanging or not less than 10), Virginia (electrical execution or 5-18). Massachusetts, Michigan and Hawaii (any number of years to life), Maine (any term of years), Idaho, Rhode Island and Texas (5 to life). Oregon and Utah (3 to life). Illinois (1 to life), Oklahoma (not less than 10), New York and South Dakota (10-20), Kansas (10-21), Arizona, Nevada and Washington (not leas than 5), North Carolina (5-60), Minnesota (5-20) Tennessee (5-15), Indiana (5-14 and $1,000), West Virginia (5-10), Arkansas (3-21), Nebraska, New Mexico and Wisconsin (3-15), Colorado (3-14). Maryland (3-10), Kentucky and South Carolina (2-10), Georgia and Iowa (2-20), Montana and Porte Rico (1-20), Ohio and Alaska (1-15), Wyoming (114), North Dakota (1-10), California (not less than 1). New Hampshire (not over 30), Vermont (not over 20 and $1,000), Florida (not over 20), New Jersey (not over 15 or $1,000, or both), Louisiana (not over 14), Delaware (not under 10, with 40 lashe Connecticut (not over 7), Pennsylvania (not ov 5 and $1,000), District of Columbia (6 months 15 years). In Nevada train robbery and in Tex robbery by means of deadly weapons may be pu Arson-where classified in degrees though the number and exact definitions of degrees vary greatly -18 in general classified with reference to two conditions, first, the character of the building burned, whether a dwelling house or structure likely to contain a human being; and, second, whether the crime is committed by day or night. Thus the most serious offense is the burning of an inhabited dwelling by night, and the least serious, the burning of an uninhabited structure by day. Often intermediate degrees are recognized, such as burning a dwelling by day or an uninhabited building by night. The Federal Statutes for arson in the first degree impose a penalty of not more than 20 years, and for the second degree, not more than 20 years and a fine of not more than $5,000. Some States punish arson in the first degree with death. These are: Alabama (hanging or not less than 10), Delaware (hang-penalty for robbery at not more than 15 years. ing), Louisiana (hanging or 1 to 10), Maryland (hanging or not over 20), Mississippi (hanging or life imprisonment), North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia (death by electricity), Vermont (any term to 30 years or death by electricity), Hawaii (hanging or life imprisonment). The imprisonment which may be imposed for arson in the first degree takes a wide range New York (not over 40). Iowa (30), New Hampshire (not over 30), Oklahoma (10-30). Florida and Michigan (any term up to life), Georgia (1 to life), Idaho (2 to life), Illinols (1-20), Indiana (2-21), Kansas (10-21), Kentucky (5-12), Maine (1-20), Minnesota and North Dakota (not less than 10). Nebraska (1-20), New Jersey (not over 15 or $2,000, or both), New Mexico (2-20), Ohio (not over 20), Oregon, West Virginia and Alaska (10-20), Texas (5-20), Utah (2-15), Wisconsin (3-14). Wyoming (1-21), South Dakota and Porto Rico (not less than 10), Arizona and California (not less than 2), Arkansas (2-10), Colorado and District of Columbia (1-10), Connecticut (not over 10), Missouri, Montana and Washington (not less than 5). The penalties for arson in the second degree are as varied as those for the first. In the Federal Courts, not more than 20 and $5,000. California (1-25), Colorado (not overished with death. Train robberies in Territon 2 and $1,000), Delaware (1-10 and $500 to $5,000), Iowa (10-20). Kansas (7-10). Louisiana (1-20), Ma ne (any term of years), Maryland (2-20), Minnesota (7-15), New Hampshire (not over 20), New Mexico (1-15), New York (not over 25). North Dakota (7-10) Oregon (5-15), Pennsylvania (not over 10 and $2,000), South Dakota (7-10), Tennessee (2-21), Vermont (not over 10 or $1,000) Virginia (5-18), Washington (not over 10 or $5,000), Alaska (5-15). Hawaii (life or any number of years). Alabama and Oklahoma (2-10), Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Utah and Porto Rico (1-10), Arkansas (6 months and fine), Massachusetts and Mississippi (not over 10), Missouri (not less than 5), Nevada (1-3 and fine), South Carolina (in discretion of the court) Wisconsin (3-10). Burglary-The classification of burglary or housebreaking depends on substantially the same elements as those of arson: namely, the building entered, whether a dwelling or other building, and whether the offense was committed by day or night. Burglary in the first degree is punished in North Carolina by death by electricity: Virginia (electricity or 5-18). Delaware (hanging or not over 14). Florida and Iowa (any term up to life), Maine (any term of years). Massachusetts (life imprisonment or not less than 10), Ohio (life or 5-30), Rhode Island and South Carolina are punishable by imprisonment not more th 20 years and a fine of not more than $5,000. In Minnesota life imprisonment is the penalt for entering a banking room where there is a hum being, with intent to commit a felony by thre force or violence. Grand Larceny is simply theft of property abe a fixed value, generally $25 to $50-more Sta also classify as grand larceny theft of property in the person of the victim, irrespective of vat though, of course, accomplished without the toor fear which constitutes the crime of robbery. the Federal Courts, grand larceny is punishable not more than 10 years' imprisonment and a fine not more than $10.000. Wisconsin (1-25), Alaba and Georgia (1-20), Maryland (1-15), Idaho, diana, Montana and Nevada (1-14), New Mexi Oregon, Utah, Virginia, Alaska, Porto Rico and I trict of Columbia (1-10), Tennessee, Texas and W Virginia (2-10), Nebraska and Ohio (1-7), Arkans Kentucky, Maine (11-12-15). North Dak (1-10), Hawaii (not over 20). Washington over 15), Louisiana, New York, North Carol and Wyoming (not over 10), Kansas and Misse (not over 7), New Jersey (not over 7 or $2.000. both), Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Mis sippi, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and South I United States-Crime Laws; Limitation Statutes; Civil Arrest. 213 kota (not over 5), Florida and Rhode Island (not over 5 or $1,000), Michigan (not over 5 or $5,000), Pennsylvania (3 and $500), Delaware (not over 3), South Carolina (3 months to 10 years). Special penalties are imposed in certain States for horse and cattle stealing. In Cal., Mont. and N. Mex., taking horses, cattle, etc., is grand larceny, irrepective of value; in Arkansas for stealing horse rmule (1-15); in Missouri and New Hampshire, larceny of horse or cattle (not over 7); in Texas bare theft (5-10); in Georgia there are various grades of larceny of horses, cattle, etc. In North Carolina habitual offenders receive longer terms. Forgery in general means the false making, imiting or counterfeiting or alteration of a genuine ature or written instrument. There are numerFederal Statutes defining and imposing penalties br alteration of public records and documents. These do not come within the purview of this synopbeing no one general classification. Counterfting is punished by imprisonment of not more than lá years and a fine of not more than $5,000. There is some uniformity but not a great deal in the various State penalties for forgery. Bigamy-A person who, having a husband or wife iving, marries another, is guilty of bigamy. Under Federal Statutes, polygamy (or bigamy) in the Territories is punished by imprisonment for not more than 5 years and a fine of not more than $500. Five years' imprisonment is the most general maximum penalty in the States for bigamy and fines are quite commonly imposed. Perjury under the various State codes usually means false testimony on a material point given in an action or proceeding at law. The following are the penalties imposed in accordance with this usual definition. In the Federal Courts (not more than 5 and not more than $2,000). Note-Figures in parentheses are years. Money figures are maximum. The 1926 N. Y. State anti-crime laws have increased many penalties, especially in the cases of second and old offenders. STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES. There is no general statute of limitations appliable to criminal prosecutions in all the States of the Union. In each Jursidiction the matter is regulated by local statutes. Below are given the New York and Federal statutes: NEW YORK. In New York, the provisions in limiting the time for commencing prosecutions are contained in Sections 141 to 144, inclusive, of the Code of Criminal Procedure. These sections read as follows: There is no limitation of time within which a prosecution for murder must be commenced. It may be commenced at any time after the death of the person killed. (Section 141.) "An indictment for a felony, other than murder, must be found within five years after its commission, except where a less time is prescribed by statute. And an indictment for a misdemeanor must be found within two years after its commission. (Secon 142.) "If, when the crime is committed, the defendant be out of the State, the indictment may be found within the term herein limited after his coming thin the State; and no time during which the detendant is not an inhabitant of, or usually resident within, the State, or usually in personal attendance on business or employment within the State, is part of the limitation. (Section 143.) "An indictment is found, within the meaning of the last three sections, when it is duly presented by the Grand Jury in open court, and there received and filed." (Section 144.) UNITED STATES. "No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for treason or other capital offense, wilful murder excepted, unless the indictment is found within hree years next after such treason or capital offense done or committed. (R. S. §1043.) "No person shall be prosecuted, tried or punished for any offense, not capital, except as provided in (R. S. "No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any crime arising under the revenue laws, or the slave-trade laws of the United States, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years next after the committing of such crime. (R. S. $1046.) No person shall be prosecuted, tried or punished for any of the various offenses arising under the internal revenue laws of the United States unless the indictment is found or the information instituted within three years next after the commission of the offense, in all cases where the penalty prescribed may be imprisonment in the penitentiary, and within two years in all other cases: Provided, That the time during which the person committing the offense is absent from the district wherein the same is committed shall not be taken as any part of the time limited by law for the commencement of such proceedings: Provided further that the provisions of this act shall not apply to offenses committed prior to its passage: And provided further that where a complaint shall be instituted before a Commissioner of the United States within the period above limited. the time shall be extended until the discharge of the Grand Jury at its next session within the district: And provided further that this act shall not apply to offenses committed by officers of the United States." ARREST IN CIVIL ACTION. While imprisonment for debt as it formerly existed in English and American law, by which a debtor might be arrested and imprisoned for mere nability to pay his creditor, no longer exists in the United States, the statutes of the majority of the States provide for the arrest of a defendant in a fivil action under varying conditions. A large umber of States determine the right of arrest by the character of the claim on which suit is brought, allowing in it actions for fraud or the injuries known the law as "torts," such as an injury to the person or property, conversion or embezzlement, libel, dander, or the like. In the following States no civil arrest is allowed: Arizona, District of Columbia, Florida, Maryland. Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Texas. In the following States the right to arrest depends upon the nature of claim in suit: In actions for fraud or torts, Connecticut; for fraud, libel, sander, or violent injury to person or property. Delaware; for fraud only, Iowa and Kansas: only after verdict of jury, anding malice, fraud, or wilful decet, Colorado; for torts, breach of promise to marry, misconduct or embezzlement in office or professional capacity, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York (also for fine or penalty or to recover property concealed from Sheriff). In the following States arrest is only allowed again a defendant about to remove from State or about to conceal, transfer, or remove his property to avoid plaintiff's claim or defraud creditors, irregestive of the nature of the claim: Indiana, Ken tucky, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Utah, Virginia, In Wyoming (only after judgment) in actions for fraud, or money lost at gambling, or where defendant has removed or concealed property to avoid judgment. In Rhode Island, allowed in all actions except to recover debt or taxes. In Ohio, when an affidavit is filed showing: About to remove property to defraud creditors, convert property into money for same purpose, conceal property or rights in action fraudulently, assigned or disposed of property with intent to defraud creditors. Fraudulently contracted the debt, incurred the obligation. Money or property sought to be recovered was in gambling on a bet or wager. or |