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sion at the city of Washington was grand and solemn, and the eloquent oration, delivered on the occasion by Gen. Henry Lee, was heard with profound attention, and with deep interest.

Throughout the United States, similar marks of affliction were exhibited. Funeral orations were delivered, and the best talents devoted to an expression of grief, at the loss of "the man, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens."

Sec. 7. In 1800, agreeably to a resolution passed in congress in 1790, the seat of government was transferred from Philadelphia to the city of Washington, in the District of Columbia.

§ The District of Columbia is a territory of ten miles square. It is about three hundred miles from the sea, at the head of tide water on the Potomac, which runs through it diagonally, near the centre. It was ceded, in 1790, to the United States, by Maryland and Virginia, and it is under the immediate government of congress.

Sec. 8. On the 4th of March, 1801, Mr. Adams' term of office as president would expire. Before the arrival of the time for a new election, it had been pretty certainly predicted, that he could not be re-elected. His administration, through the whole course of it, had been the subject of much popular clamour, especially by the democratick party. But the measures, which most excited the opposition of that party, and which were most successfully employed to destroy the popularity of Mr. Adams' administration, and to place the government in other hands, were several laws passed during his presidency, among which were the "Alien" and "Sedition" laws.

§ By the alien law," the president was authorized to order any alien, whom " he should judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, &c. to depart out of the territory, within such time" as he should judge proper, upon penalty of being "imprisoned for a term not exceeding three years," &c.

The design of the "sedition law," so called, was to punish the abuse of speech, and of the press. It imposed a heavy pecuniary fine, and imprisonment for a term of years, upon such as should combine or conspire together to oppose

any measure of government; upon such as should write. print, utter, publish, &c. " any false, scandalous, and malicious writing against the government of the United States, or either house of the congress of the United States, or the president, &c."

These acts, together with others for raising a standing army, and imposing a direct tax and internal duties, with other causes, so increased the opposition to Mr. Adams' administration, as to prevent his re-election, and greatly to weaken the strength of that party to whom he owed his elevation to the presidency.

Sec. 9. The strife of parties, during the term of electioneering, was spirited. On canvassing the votes of the electors for president, it was found that Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Burr had each seventy-three votes, Mr. Adams sixty-five, and C. C. Pinckney sixty-four. As the constitution provided that the person having the greatest number of votes should be president, and Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Burr having an equal number, it became the duty of the house of representatives, voting by States, to decide between these two gentlemen.

The ballot was taken for several days in succession, February, 1801, before a choice was made. The federalists generally supported Mr. Burr; the democratick party Mr. Jefferson. At length, after much political heat and party animosity, the choice fell upon the latter, who was declared to be elected president of the United States for four years, commencing March 4th, 1801. Mr. Burr was elected vice-president.

NOTES ON PERIOD VIII.

Sec. 1. MANNERS. The manners of the people of the United States underwent no marked change during this period.

Sec. 2. RELIGION. Although infidelity does not seem to have made much progress in the United States, during this period, it was evident that it had taken deep root in many minds. Infidels, however, were less confident, and less

ready to avow their sentiments. They stood abashed before the world, at the fearful and blood-chilling horrours which their principles had poured out upon France. Their doctrines were, at the same time, powerfully refuted by the ablest men both in England and America. At length, they ceased to make proselytes, spoke favourably of the Christian religion, generally admitted that it was absolutely necessary to good government, and errour, with regard to religion, assumed a new form.

Towards the close of this period, a revival of religion commenced in New England, and seems to have been the beginning of that series of revivals which have since overspread the United States. Some sects which had before regarded "revivals of religion" with suspicion or aversion, became convinced of their utility, and began to promote them.

Sec 3. TRADE AND COMMERCE. Trade and commerce were still prosperous, and the remarks made in respect to them, under period VII. apply to them during this period. The exports, in 1801, were ninety-three millions, twenty thousand, five hundred and seventy-three dollars, the imports, one hundred and eleven millions, three hundred and sixty-three thousand, five hundred and eleven dollars.

Sec. 4. AGRICULTURE. Agriculture still continued to flourish.

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Sec. 5. ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. The general remarks on the preceding period, relative to this subject, apply, without material alteration, to this period.

Sec. 6. POPULATION. The number of inhabitants, at the close of this period, was not far from five millions, five hundred thousand.

Sec. 7. EDUCATION. We have nothing particular to observe in relation to education Publick and private schools, however, were multiplied as the people increased, and as new settlements were made. In 1798, a college was founded at Lexington, Kentucky, called the Transylvania University. Middlebury college, in Vermont, was founded in 1800. At the commencement of the century, the 18th, says Dr. Trumbull, there was, in New-England, but one college completely founded, but now there were six; in the colonies south of Connecticut, there was only one, but now there were fifteen or sixteen.

UNITED STATES.

PERIOD IX.,

DISTINGUISHED FOR JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION,

Extending from the inauguration of President Jefferson, 1801, to the inauguration of James Madison, as president of the United States, 1809.

Sec. 1. On the 4th of March, 1801, Mr. Jefferson, agreeably to the constitution, was regularly inducted into the office of president of the United States.

§ At the time of his inauguration, Mr. Jefferson delivered an address, expressive of his political opinions, and the principles by which he designed to shape his administration. These were 66 Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political-peace, commerce, and honest friendship, with all nations, entangHing alliances with none :-the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestick concerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies :-the preservation of the general government in its whole constitutional vigour, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home, and safety abroad :—a jealous care of the right of election by the people, a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided:absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republicks, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotisms a well disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them :-the supremacy of the civil over the military authority:-economy in the publick expense, that labour may be lightly burthened :-the honest payment of our debts and sacred preservation of the publick faith:-encouragement of agriculture and of commerce as its hand-maid :-the diffusion of information and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of publick reason :-freedom of religion :-freedom of the

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