to and made by the people themselves-one feature of it after another having been added as the need for it was felt. One illustration of this fact might be seen, Professor Stuart said, by considering the cost of the movement. Now, the total cost of the 934 courses of lectures had been 8s. per head per course, so far as the education itself was concerned; or including the local expenses of rooms, etc., from 10s. to 12s. Now, he had no hesitation in saying that there had never been in this or any other country so good an education provided at so small a cost, or anything like it. And how had such a result been possible? Simply because the movement was adapted to the circumstances of the time; it made use of the facilities of civilisation. The Universities were fixed and stationary in old days, for the very good reason that travelling was then practically impossible. The essence of a University was that it was there-a centre where the best teaching of all subjects could be had. But in our days the saying was literally fulfilled that "many shall run to and fro and knowledge shall increase," and the secret of the small cost of the University Extension movement was simply that the teachers went to the people, instead of being settled in a fixed spot to which all who wished to learn had to resort, and settle too. He had been speaking only of the prime cost. The charge to individual students was, as they knew, very much less, and the experience of Whitechapel had been the same elsewhere, namely, that the lower the fee the larger the attendance.

THE "LEVELLING-UP" PRocess.

It was quite true (Professor Stuart went on to say) that their subjects and the University Extension movement generally began at the top and touched, so to say, only the tallest heads. It might be more symmetrical, perhaps, to work up from below, and not to begin higher education until secondary education was better organised than it was now. But if men waited till everything in the world was symmetrical, nothing would ever get itself done at all. It was better to begin where one could, and although the University Extension would never do everything, it, at any rate, did one thing -and it was lucky in these days to find a thing which did really anything at all. And, besides, it must be remembered that if this work began from the top, there was another work-the work of elementary education-beginning from below, and in time the two would meet. At present education stops far too short, and from fourteen to eighteen our children are occupied in forgetting what they learnt up to fourteen. But a system of technical and secondary education respectively could not be very far off, and when these were established, University teaching would find its proper place as the coping stone in a national fabric. In that day every Englishman would receive substantially the same education, and there would be a homogeneity in English society in consequence, which would add immensely to the strength and well-being of the country.

That was still in the future, but already the University Extension movement had received some remarkable developments. Here in Whitechapel were their striking continuity of subjects, their Students' Union, that hall in which he was speaking, and there was to be, he understood, their Toynbee Journal. He would just mention one or two notable developments elsewhere. At Nottingham, for instance, the University Extension lectures had led to the establishment of a magnificent University College, maintained at the expense of the rates. "It is the characteristic of great movements, of movements with life in them, that their possibilities increase as you advance. In the case of shallow and little movements you soon get at the other side; they are like a mean landscape, in which you quickly see the whole and then see no more. But vital causes are like large and beautiful landscapes, in which the longer and the closer you look the more and the farther you see. What to do next, you may ask? But that is not the real question; the great thing is to do something."

The Prize Winners.

The "Cassell Prizes," presented by Messrs. Cassell and Co., Limited, for promoting the higher education of the working classes, and consisting of several handsome volumes each, were awarded as follows:-English History, Mr. H. P. Noakes and Mr. Joseph Tilley (equal); Physiology, Mr. W. J. Royston; Physics, Mr. R. Sweeney.

The prize of £5, offered by an anonymous donor for the best essay on Sir Thomas More, was awarded to Mr. J. E. Monk.

The certificate winners are too numerous to mention. Suffice it to say that in Dr. Waghorn's class there were four first-classes and seven seconds; in Mr. Pye's, two firsts and three seconds; and in Mr. Gardiner's, six firsts and three seconds. Special mention must be made of Mr. E. E. Lewis, who was entitled to a "Certificate of Continuous Study," in virtue of continuous work from 1883 to 1885.

THE PRIZE ESSAYS.

Two prizes of £5 each have been offered by an anonymous donor, to be competed for by a student at any University Extension class at Toynbee_Hall, either in the autumn or in the spring term. Essays are to be sent in by April 30th, 1886; not signed, but accompanied by the name and address of the writer in a sealed envelope. The subjects are :—

1. The Functions of Trade Unions in the Present and in the Future.

Books recommended: Howell's "Labour and Capital"; Trant's "Trades' Unions"; Thurlow's "Trade Unions Abroad"; Gronlund's "Modern Socialism," cc. 3-6; Thornton's "On Labour"; Cairnes's "Leading Principles of Political Economy"; Rogers's "Work and Wages." The annual reports of the Trade Unions should be studied, if possible.

2. The Commonwealth-How Far it Failed, and Why.

Books recommended: Carlyle's "Cromwell"; Picton's "Cromwell," and "Lessons from the Rise and Fall of the English Commonwealth"; Ranke's "History of England"; Green's "History of the English People."

Key to the Students' Library.

A Students' Library, as our readers are aware, is now open in Toynbee Hall for all bona-fide students, either at the Whitechapel or at the Poplar centre, and a full alphabetical catalogue of authors has already been compiled, and is placed in the Reading Room. A second catalogue, classifying the books, not by their authors, but by their subjects, is also in preparation; but, meanwhile, we propose to give, from time to time, what the French call"un catalogue raisonné"-a methodical and descriptive account of the more important books to be found in the library, bearing on different subjects. Occasional allusions to "libri desiderati"-books which the library badly wants-may, we hope, serve the further purpose of directing the generosity of our friends. We begin our "Key to the Students' Library" with the period of English History, which will be

covered by Mr. Gardiner's lectures during the current

session.

I. ENGLISH HISTORY, 1603-1660.

A. General Standard Works.-This period is well represented in the library, though there are a few obvious desiderata, such as Forster's "Grand Remonstrance," and "Arrest of the Five Members." The standard work, at least to the year 1642, which is as far as it goes at present, is Mr. S. R. GARDINER'S series, lately reprinted as a continuous history. Its one fault is its neglect of social and economical phenomena and the condition of the working-classes. For the study of these we are thrown back on the apparently hasty generalisa tions of Professor THOROLD ROGERS'S "Work and Wages," his "History of Prices" having ended in Elizabeth's reign. An admirable summary of Mr. Gardiner's books is given in his" Puritan Revolution," in the "Epochs of Modern History" series. Turning to other general histories, we have RANKE, invaluable for foreign relations; LINGARD, somewhat antiquated, but throwing much light on the condition and policy of the English Catholics; J. R. GREEN, sometimes hasty and superficial, but instinct with the finest historical spirit, and with wonderful insight into the under-currents of hought which make political history. HALLAM has treated the constitutional history carefully, but his Whig bias against Cromwell vitiates his whole criticism of the Commonwealth. D'ISRAELI'S "Charles I. and GODWIN'S "History of the English Commonwealth" are, again, partisan versions, from the Cavalier and Roundhead points of view respectively. GUIZOT'S "History of the English Revolution" is, in Mr. Green's opinion, "accurate and impartial, and the best account for the general reader." We should prefer for this purpose Dr. J. F. BRIGHT'S history, which, without pretending to originality, gives briefly and well the results of the best and latest bistorical investigation. Messrs. ACLAND and RANSOME and Mr. TAIT give useful analyses of dates and facts.

B. Biographies and Special Subjects.-Among biographies we have CARLYLE'S "Cromwell's Letters and Speeches," too well known to be noticed, further than that it is by far the most valuable history we have of the Commonwealth time, and that it ought to be read by every student of politics or psychology. SPEDDING'S "Life of Bacon " is a most careful and detailed work; and there is a shorter life by Dean CHURCH in the "English Men of Letters" series. FORSTER'S life of Eliot is of great interest as a study of the first great English Parliamentary orator; but the Whig journalist is manifest throughout. CHAPMAN'S "Notable Women of the Puritan Times" is interesting.

Irish affairs should be studied in the sixth chapter of Mr. LECKY'S "History of the Eighteenth Century"; Mr. FROUDE'S "English in Ireland" is disfigured, so as to lose nearly all value, by its partisan spirit. The story of the formation of New England can be studied in Mr. Gardiner and the first volume of BANCROFT'S "History of the United States."

The literature of the time is best studied in TAINE'S "History of English Literature," though its brilliant generalisations are not always to be trusted. Professor H. MORLEY'S book is sound, but heavy. The history of trade is inadequately given in Mr. W. CUNNINGHAM'S "History of English Commerce," and CRAIK'S "History of English Commerce." A true understanding of the mercantile theory in its early stages can only be gathered from contemporary writers such as Misselden and Mun, whose works will well repay perusal. They are not, however, in the library.

C. Contemporary Authorities.-Thorough students of the period will not be satisfied with modern works, and will turn to contemporary writings. The period is naturally rich in them. CLARENDON'S "History of the Rebellion," grand in its style, and a very picture-gallery of the statesmen of the age, "belongs to the class of memoirs " rather than of histories, and is vitiated by its palpable unfairness. Of greater real value are MAY's "History of the Long Parliament," "on the whole, a faithful and impartial" account, and WHITELOCK'S "Memorials," which cover the whole reign of Charles I.moderate, and valuable from his position, which gave him ac

cess to official documents. SPRIGG'S "England's Recovery" is best for the history of the New Model. LUDLOW'S "Memoirs" are valuable for the period of the Long Parlia ment, and especially for Cromwell's Irish policy. The Memoirs of Colonel HUTCHINSON, by his wife, though characterised as "a passionate and unscrupulous memoir," give an admirable description of the Puritan country gentlemen; and EVELYN'S "Diary” is an amusing traveller's note-book of a cultured but phlegmatic squire. There is a good little life of Milton by Mr. STOPFORD BROOKE, and MILTON'S Own works, both poetry and prose, are indispensable for a real understanding of the period.

66

Kings' Treasuries.”

Strange! to think how the moth-kings lay up treasures for the moths, and the rust-kings, who are to their peoples' strength as rust to armour, lay up treasures for the rust; and the robber-kings, treasures for the robber; but how few kings have ever laid up treasures that needed no guardingtreasures of which the more thieves there were the better! Suppose there ever should arise a fourth order of kings, who had read in some obscure writing of long ago that there was a fourth kind of treasure, which the jewel and gold could not equal, neither should it be valued with pure gold! Suppose kings should ever arise who heard and believed this word, and at last gathered and brought forth treasures of Wisdom, for their feole !-RUSKIN: Sesame and Lilies.

The object of University Teaching is to form your conceptions, not to acquaint you with arts nor sciences. It is to give you a notion of what is meant by smith's work, for instance, but not to make you blacksmiths. It is to give you a notion of what is meant by medicine, but not to make you physicians. The proper academy for blacksmiths is a blacksmith's forge; the proper academy for physicians is an hospital. Here you are to be taken away from the forge, out of the hospital, out of all special and limited labour and thought into the universities of labour and thought, that you may in peace, in leisure, in calm of disinterested contemplation be enabled to conceive rightly the laws of nature and the destinies of man.-RUSKIN: The Eagle's Nest.

THERE is great difficulty in proving to the world that education is not only useful information, but an illumination and purification of the soul, better than ten thousand eyes, for by that alone is truth seen.-PLATO: Republic.

"THE British people, sir," said a young Liberal, one day at a dinner party, can afford to laugh at theories." "Sir," said Carlyle, speaking for the first time during dinner, "the French nobility a hundred years ago said they could afford to laugh at theories. Then came a man and wrote a book called the Social Contract.' The man was called Jean Jacques Rousseau; and his book was a theory, and nothing but a theory. The nobles could laugh at his theory, but their skins went to bind the second edition of his book.

Descartes, being twitted by a courtier for that he, a philosopher, was enjoying a good dinner, replied, "Well, do you think the good things of this earth were made only for fools?"

IN the scale of the destinies brawn will never weigh as much as brain.-J. R. LOWELL.

New Books and New Editions.

We hope to notice, under this head, whatever important books, dealing with social and educational topics, may be published during the month. Publishers will oblige by stating the prices of any books which they may send for review.

It is particularly requested that orders for the Journal, as well as all other BUSINESS communications, may be addressed, NOT to the Editor, but to the MANAGER of the TOYNBEE JOURNAL, 28, Commercial Street, E.

The New Missionaries.

BY PROFESSOR J. R. SEELEY.

WORKING Men's College, University Extension, Foundation of Colleges in the North, Educational League, University Settlements, and Toynbee Hall -to write down these names and titles is to trace the history of a single movement, a movement which seems to me among the most interesting and hopeful of our time.

I am not surprised to hear that the stream has now swelled to a breadth and a volume which draw attention. You start a magazine because many now desire to be informed of your proceedings, and because you are yourselves by this time so numerous and so widely scattered that, like a political party, you must have an organ.

What interests me is to see a really constructive effort, a new and original combination. For where has anything been witnessed in recent times similar to this enterprise commenced by our ancient Universities? What we have hoped in vain from the clergy is to be accomplished, it seems, by the Universities. From them is to issue the new class of popular teachers that we have looked for so long. One would scarcely have expected this-particularly in the first years of the reform movement, when, of all our old institutions, the Universities seemed nearly the most superannuated. But now that it is taking place before our eyes, we can see that the Universities may accomplish much which no other agency could even attempt.

The demand for guidance and instruction on great subjects that exists among the people is quite pathetic. But it is of the nature of a blind craving. It is rather a feeling that something is wanted than a desire for any distinct thing. It can allay itself for a time by listening to the Salvation Army, or forget itself in the stupefying and demoralising party brawl. But the experience we have lately had seems to show that in those parts of our population where there is the shrewdest mother-wit and

[PRICE ONE Penny.

the strongest character University teaching is hailed by the people as the thing they want. So speak the Durham miners. This ought to be felt as a most pregnant hint by all social reformers. We need not, then, try to attract the people by rhetoric, or to interest them by childish appeals to the senses, as so many have assumed who have desired to spread knowledge and truth among the masses. Let us simply give the best teaching, and in the best form; only let us inquire on what subjects they want instruction, and let us carry it to them through living agents full of heartiness and sympathy, and it will be eagerly welcomed. This is the precious lesson of the University Extension

movement.

If this be really true, what a vast work lies before us! What a harvest is waiting to be reaped by the young men who are just now graduating at the Universities, and are asking for some career which may bring out their best talents and satisfy their best aspirations! Stuart and Toynbee, I am persuaded, have only shown the way. There must yet be many more Extension centres, and many more settlements.

I have said elsewhere that I see in this move ment the removal of that painful impediment which was described with such force thirty years ago in Carlyle's "Life of Sterling." Here all those who have at once the instinct of teaching and the instinct of sympathising, who in a past age would have become clergymen, can follow their instincts with the most perfect freedom, and make for themselves almost the career they want. If they choose to become clergymen, they will move henceforth in a great society of those who, without undertaking the same formal obligations, are like-minded with them and co-operate with them; if they make a different choice, and yet wish, like Toynbee himself, to live not merely for knowledge or for teaching, but for religion, they will find no work and no society that will afford them better opportunities.

I believe, also, that this movement will put new life into University studies. It is, indeed, already evident that the Universities have gained, not only in popularity, but in vigour, since first they went out of their way to meet the wants of the

community. Nothing breaks the habit of blind absorption in traditionary studies, which is the besetting vice of Universities, so certainly as a practical movement like this. The University has to ask the people what kind of knowledge they want, and the people make answer, "This kind of knowledge is of no use to us; but that kind is all-important. We do not want Latin verses nor the Integral Calculus; but we do want Political Economy, and English History, and English Literature, and Natural Science!" It may be true that a University ought not to weigh studies quite in the same scale which the people use; nevertheless, nothing opens the eyes of a University so certainly and so suddenly as to see its studies thus appraised by an independent judge. At the same time, nothing encourages a University so much as to find that some, at least, of its studies have a vast, practical, and popular bearing. And as the movement thus animates the Universities at large, so it ought to be most invigorating to the individual teachers, especially those who are also "settlers." I, who unfortunately belong to an earlier generation, cannot come among you at Toynbee Hall without wishing that twenty-five years ago there had existed some such place, where the problems of pauperism, of popular education, of emigration, of local government, and so many other problems, could be studied at first hand, and book-knowledge be corrected by a knowledge of real life.

And all these good results of the movement, though they strike me so forcibly, are but secondary and indirect. The greatest result, after all, is the direct one. You spread the best science that exists in the country broadcast over it, and you do this by means, not of popular books, but of a living missionary agency. What a simple undertaking, and yet, in this form, how new and how pregnant! I find nothing similar or equally hopeful on the Continent. How much it is needed in the present portentous confusion of political thought I need not say.

Goethe says: "When we speak of a child, we never express the truth, but only our hopes." This movement is a child, and what I have said of it applies less to what it is now than to what it will and must soon be. We must have at least a dozen more settlements like Toynbee Hall; many more colleges like that at Nottingham; there must be classes in every great town; there must be a great staff of itinerant and missionary teachers. When all this has been realised, the new teachers will form, as it were, a new profession in the country; the ability which is now constantly drawn away from the provinces to Cambridge and Oxford, and from the Universities passes mainly to London, will then be rendered back to the provinces with interest; a new invention will have been added to the machinery of culture; and, as a minor consequence of all these changes, the TOYNBEE JOURNAL may perhaps become a very important organ.

Correspondence.

All communications should be accompanied by the writer's name (not necessarily for publication) and address, and should be sent to the EDITOR of the TOYNBEE Journal, 28, Commercial Street, E.

Contributions intended for the December number of the Journal should reach him, if possible, not later than November 16th.

The Editor cannot undertake to return rejected communications unless stamps are enclosed for that purpose, and Correspondents are particularly requested to write on one side of the paper only.

The subscription to the TOYNBEE JOURNAL is Is. 6d. per annum post free (payable in advance). Single copies may be had at Toynbee Hall, price 1d.

A SUGGESTION.

To the Editor of the TOYNBEE Journal.

SIR, It would, I think, be a help to many who perhaps do not come within reach of the "higher education of Toynbee Hall, but who are, nevertheless, anxious to help forward on less ambitious lines the work it has in hand, if a short list were published of cheap, readable, good, trustworthy books dealing with the different branches of knowledge. As a type of such, I would name Mr. Gardiner's "Outlines of English History," which possesses all the qualifications I have named as being essential in the books to be recommended. Such a list would take but little space, and would, I am sure, be useful to many.-I am, sir, yours obediently, JAMES BRITTEN.

18, West Square, S.E.

[We shall be very glad to do what we can from time to time to carry out our correspondent's suggestion. As a beginning, we may here mention the best elementary books on the subjects now being treated in the "University Extension" lectures at Toynbee Hall. In English History, we quite agree with our correspondent that beginners cannot do better than with Mr. Gardiner's "Outlines of English History" (Longmans). In Political Economy, the little book that best fulfils all our correspondent's requirements is probably Stanley Jevons's "Primer of Political Economy (Macmillan). In Physics, Dr. Waghorn recommends either Balfour Stewart's "Primer on Physics" (Macmillan) or Angell's "Electricity and Magnetism" (Collins' Series). With regard to Physiology, Mr. Pye says: "Michael Foster's 'Primer on Physiology' (Macmillan) best breaks the ice, and students should then go on to Huxley's 'Physiology' (Macmillan). The text-book for our present course on Hygiene is Willoughby's 'Principles of Hygiene' (Collins' Series.)"]

Notes and Notices.

The Popular Saturday Evening Lectures this month will be as varied in character and, we do not doubt, as entertaining as those in October. Mr. MacAlister (November 14th) is Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge, and his lecture on "How we Move," can hardly fail to be interesting. Not, indeed, that we need the men of science to teach us how to move-a process which we somehow discover without their learned aid. Nor must we expect Mr. MacAlister to be like Dickens' Mr. Turveydrop, and to instruct us in "the correct principles of deportment." The in

terest of his lecture we may expect will be purely scientific; it will tell us how we do things which we do, without knowing how, every day of our lives. Of a different scientific interest will be the lecture of Mr. Romanes (November 28th), on “Curious Cases of Instinct." Now that Mr. Darwin is dead, Mr. Romanes is perhaps the leading authority on his subject, and every one knows how deeply bound up with the theory of evolution is the question of instinct. Mr. Ernest Myers, who is to lecture (November 21st) on "Milton and Dryden," needs no introduction in one respect, for he is an old friend as the first and honorary Secretary of the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching; but he is perhaps less known to us than he ought to be as a poet and a critic. Those who have read the introduction to his recent edition of Milton's prose works may venture to recommend to those who have not to go and hear him on November 21st. Perhaps Mr. Myers' lecture may do something towards promoting a regular course on English literature, the omission of which has hitherto been the great blot on the curriculum of the Whitechapel centre.

The sparse attendance at the Saturday evening lectures is not a thing to congratulate ourselves upon. For each of the first two lectures 250 tickets were issued on the understanding that they would be used; not half that number presented themselves at the lectures. Thus many other persons, who would have been glad to be present, were excluded by the thoughtlessness of those who took tickets and wasted them. It is evident, too, that if only a meagre audience turns up, it will be impossible to obtain the services of Lecturers of the calibre of Professor Marshall and Sir John Lubbock.

take

Mr. E. T. Cook, who succeeded Mr. Myers as Secretary of the Society, has resigned his post, after a four years' tenure of it. It is satisfactory to know that Mr. R. D. Roberts, Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and 'Assistant-Secretary of the Cambridge "Extension Scheme," has been induced to Mr. Cook's place. After Professor Stuart, there is no one who has done more for the remarkable success of the "Extension" movement in the north of England than Mr. Roberts, and it is a very safe prediction that the London Society will not lose ground under his care. The satisfaction in East London at Mr. Roberts' appointment should be increased by the fact that there is a chance of his coming to reside, for a time at least, at Toynbee Hall.

The success of the lectures at the Whitechapel centre this term has even exceeded expectation, and the unprecedented necessity arose, in the case of the history and hygiene classes, of turning some twenty or thirty intending" students from the doors. Even so the condition of the air, resulting from the crowded state of the room, was hardly in accordance, we are afraid, with the lecturer's principles; however, Mr. Pye might use it, like Sir Wilfrid Lawson's drunkard, as a "terrible example." The numbers at the other lectures are only a little less embarrassing, being, respectively, at Mr. Waghorn's, 117; at Mr. Williams', 116.

Of the three former courses we need say nothing, the lecturers being by this time very old friends. Of Mr. Williams' lectures, we may be permitted, for more

than one reason, to say a few words. For one thing, the large attendance was in striking contrast with the scanty numbers at earlier courses on the same subject, and is an instructive commentary on the alleged unpopularity of the science at this moment. At the City of London College, too, where Mr. Ernest Foxwellwho comes, like Mr. Williams, from St. John's, Cambridge is lecturing on the same subject, the attendance is higher than it has been at any other "Extension" lectures there. It would really seem as if the University Extension movement were going to succeed in bringing political economy down again from "Saturn and Jupiter" to the earth.

The good attendance at Mr. Williams' and Mr. Foxwell's lectures has no doubt been partly due to the way in which both lecturers-from rather different points of view, but with similar ability-succeeded in clearing political economy in their first lectures, both from the misconceptions of popular prejudice and from the evils which it has suffered in the house of its friends. Nobody any longer doubts that more than one of the older economists was directly to blame for much of the odium that has gathered round their subject. But, on the other hand, it is only a confusion of thought that regards generalisations as commands, and makes no allowance for the special circumstances under which even those generalisations were arrived at. No one will come away from either Mr. Williams' or Mr. Foxwell's lectures without seeing not only that political economy, properly understood, is not inimical to any of the aspirations of reformers, but that only under its guidance can those aspirations ever be brought from Utopia to the real world.

The inaugural address by the Marquis of Ripon, of which some report will be found in another column, was interesting in many ways, and, not least, as showing the secret of the impression which, as Viceroy of India, he made on all the natives who came into contact with him. The great principle on which rightly or wrongly Lord Ripon acted in India was, that given equality of knowledge and aptitude, no distinction of class, sect, or race should be allowed to stand in men's way. Those who heard Lord Ripon speak at Toynbee Hall the other night, must have felt that this principle of his was a part of the man himself, and must have understood how the natives of India came to believe in him and to trust him. We have had, perhaps, or we may hope to have, other addresses not less eloquent than Lord Ripon's, but none more full of the sense of the nobility of Knowledge, and the dignity of Man.

The Kyrle Society, which has done so much already in many ways to bring light into dark places, has now started a new branch of work, viz., a "Literature Distribution Branch." In answer to an appeal for "just one book," over 200 boxes full of books have been received, containing magazines and books of every description. The society is now prepared to receive applications for grants of books from hospitals, workhouses, men's, women's, and boy's clubs, etc. These applications should be made to Miss Busk, 14, Nottingham Place, W.

It must have struck all the members of the Students' Union who went over St. Paul's Cathedral under Canon Scott Holland's guidance the other day that