of the fluids solidified at temperatures above 34°, and the yellow portion not even at oo. When the two were mixed together they gradually combined at temperatures below 60°, and formed the same solid substance as that first introduced. If, when the fluids were separated, the tube was cut in the middle, the parts flew asunder as if with an explosion, the whole of the yellow portion disappeared, and there was a powerful atmosphere of chlorine produced; the pale portion on the contrary remained, and when examined, proved to be a weak solution of chlorine in water, with a little muriatic acid, probably from the impurity of the hydrate used. When that end of the tube in which the yellow fluid lay was broken under a jar of water, there was an immediate production of chlorine gas.

I at first thought that muriatic acid and euchlorine had been formed; then, that two new hydrates of chlorine had been produced; but at last I suspected that the chlorine had been entirely separated from the water by the heat and condensed into a dry fluid by the mere pressure of its own abundant vapour. If that were true, it followed, that chlorine gas, when compressed, should be condensed into the same fluid, and, as the atmosphere in the tube in which the fluid lay was not very yellow at 50° or 60°, it seemed probable that the pressure required was not beyond what could readily be obtained by a condensing syringe. A long tube was therefore furnished with a cap and stop-cock, then exhausted of air and filled with chlorine, and being held vertically with the syringe upwards, air was forced in, which thrust the chlorine to the bottom of the tube, and gave a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. Being now cooled, there was an immediate deposit in films, which appeared to be hydrate, formed by water contained in the gas and vessels, but some of the yellow fluid was also produced. As this however might also contain a portion of the water present, a perfectly dry tube and apparatus were taken, and the chlorine left for some time over a bath of sulphuric acid before it was introduced. Upon throwing in air and giving pressure, there was now no solid film formed, but the clear yellow fluid was deposited, and more abundantly still upon cooling. After remaining some time it disappeared, having gradually mixed with the atmosphere above it, but every repetition of the experiment produced the same results.

Presuming that I had now a right to consider the yellow fluid as pure chlorine in the liquid state, I proceeded to examine its properties, as well as I could when obtained by heat from the hydrate. However obtained, it always appears very limpid and fluid, and excessively vola

tile at common pressure. A portion was cooled in its tube to o°; it remained fluid. The tube was then opened, when a part immediately flew off, leaving the rest so cooled by the evaporation as to remain a fluid under the atmospheric pressure. The temperature could not have been higher than 40° in this case; as Sir Humphry Davy has shown that dry chlorine does not condense at that temperature under common pressure. Another tube was opened at a temperature of 50°; a part of the chlorine volatilised, and cooled the tube so much as to condense the atmospheric vapour on it as ice.

A tube having the water at one end and the chlorine at the other was weighed, and then cut in two; the chlorine immediately flew off, and the loss being ascertained was found to be 1.6 grains: the water left was examined and found to contain some chlorine: its weight was ascertained to be 5.4 grains. These proportions, however, must not be considered as indicative of the true composition of hydrate of chlorine; for, from the mildness of the weather during the time when these experiments were made, it was impossible to collect the crystals of hydrate, press, and transfer them, without losing much chlorine; and it is also impossible to separate the chlorine and water in the tube perfectly, or keep them separate, as the atmosphere within will combine with the water, and gradually reform the hydrate.

Before cutting the tube, another tube had been prepared exactly like it in form and size, and a portion of water introduced into it, as near as the eye could judge, of the same bulk as the fluid chlorine: this water was found to weigh 1.2 grains; a result, which, if it may be trusted, would give the specific gravity of fluid chlorine as 1.33; and from its appearance in, and on water, this cannot be far wrong.

CLEOPATRA LANDING AT TARSUS

By Gelee (Claude Lorraine), 1700-1782. Louvre, Paris.

C

LAUDE OF LORRAINE, or CLAUDE GELEE, was born at the village of Chamagne in Lorraine. His parents were poor, he made no progress at school, and at the age of twelve went to live with his elder brother, Jean Gelee, who was a wood-carver, and under him learned to design arabesques and foliage. He next went to Rome to seek alivelihood, but failing to obtain permanent employment on account of his clownishness and ignorance of the language, went to Naples to study landscape painting under Godfery Waals, a painter of much repute. He remained here two years and then returned to Rome, and was domesticated until 1625 with another landscape painter, Augustin Tassi, who hired him to grind his colors and do all the household drudgery. Hoping to make Claude useful in some of his greatest works, his master advanced him in the rules of perspective and elements of design. Under this tuition Claude's mind began to expand. For the purpose of examining nature, he made his studies in the open fields from sunrise until sunset. After leaving Tassi he made a tour in Italy, France, and Germany, returning to Rome in 1627. Here he painted two pictures for Cardinal Bentivoglio, which earned him the protection of Pope Urban VIII. His life as an artist may be said to begin at this time, but he was nearly forty years old before his general popularity was established. It was said by one of his most severe critics that "he first put the sun into the heavens." He was undoubtedly the greatest landscape painter of his time, but was so poor at figure painting that he usually got some other artist to put the figures in for him. He never married, and lived only for his art. He died at Rome in 1682.