Meaux. She was afterward removed to her residence of Luciennes, and while living there was allowed a pension by Louis XVI. Some time after the outbreak of the Revolution, she went to London to dispose of her jewels. On her return, Robespierre caused her to be arrested, 1793, July. In Nov., she was tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and accused of having wasted the treasures of the state, of conspiracy against the republic, and of having, in London, worn mourning for the late king.' She was condemned to death, and was sent to the guillotine 1793, Dec. 7. Of all the women who mounted the scaffold during the Revolution, Du B. exhibited the least courage. She implored the 'good people' to deliver her, and Monsieur the executioner to prolong her miserable life for one moment only. The single good thing that history records of her, is her patronage of various artists and men of letters, but there is little reason to believe that it originated in anything higher than her dread of epigram and caricature. She had neither taste nor knowledge, and cared only for sensual gratifications and excitement. It is estimated that she cost France 35,000,000 francs. The Memoires published under her name (6 vols. Par. 1829-30) are not trustworthy; but Vatel's Histoire de Malle. Du Bary (3 vols., 1882-84); and Lacretelle's Histoire de France pendant le 18me Siècle may be consulted with confidence.

DUBBER, n. dub'ber [Hind, dubbah]: a leathern bottle or vessel, made of thin untanned goat-skins, and used in India to hold oil, ghee, etc.

DUBBING, n. dubbing [Bohem. dub, oak-bark; dubiti, to tan (see DUB 2)]: a dressing of flour and water used by weavers; a mixture of tallow, etc., for dressing leather. DUBBING-TOOL, n. same as adze.

DUBHE, n. [Ar.]: a variable star of the first magnitude in the northern constellation Ursa Major.

DUBIOUS, a. dù bì-ŭs [L. dubius, doubtful: It. dubio: L. dubietas, doubt]: not settled; doubtful; not clear or obvious; uncertain; in ỎE., in two directions. DU BIOUSLY, ad. -li. DU BIOUSNESS, n. DUBIETY, n. -bi ě-ti, doubtfulness. Du'BITABLE, a. -bi-tu-bl, doubtful; uncertain. DU'BITABLY, ad, -bli.-SYN. of dubious': ambiguous; equivocal; questionable; precarious; doubting; unsettled; undetermined.

DUBITZA, đồ-bět så. fortified town of European Turkey, on the n. frontier of Bosnia, on the right bank of the Unna, at a point about 10 m. from its confluence with the Save, of which it is a tributary. During the 16th and 17th c., it was a bone of contention between Austria and the Porte, ard was repeatedly lost and regained by the latter. It is notable chiefly, for its heroic but unavailing resistance to the Austrians 1788. D. was subsequently restored to the Turks, but with the rest of Bosnia passed under Austrian administration 1878. Por, 3.000

DUBLIN, dublin: maritime county in the e. of Leinster Province, Ireland; containing the metropolis of that country; bounded, n., by Meath; e., by the Irish Sea; s., by Wicklow; and w., by Kildare and Meath. It is the smallest but two of the Irish counties; 32 m. long, and 18 (average 12) broad; 354 sq. m., of which ths are arable, and th in wood. The coast, from its indentations with creeks and bays, is 70 m. long, and off it lie several isles. Dublin Bay, one of the finest in the kingdom, is 6 m. broad, 6 long, with a sweep of 16 miles. It has two precipitous hills, about 500 ft. bigh at its n. and s. ends; but the head of the bay is low and sandy. The coast is defended by 26 martello towers. The surface is mostly a level rich plain, with slight undulations, but rising in the south in a hill-range, the highest point of which is Kippure, 2,473 ft. North of this range, the only prominent eminences are Lambay Isle, or Ireland's Eye, and Howth Head, 503 ft. The only river of note is the Liffey, which runs through Dublin city into Dublin Bay. The Royal and Grand canals run w. through the county, and unite the Liffey and the Shannon. The chief rocks are carboniferous limestone, granite, and some metamorphic rocks and greenstone. There are copper and lead mines near Scalp. Fullers-earth and potters-clay occur. Iron and manganese are found on Howth peninsula. Granite and lime stone are much used in building. There are many mineral springs, including 10 saline purgative ones, within the city of Dublin, and some tepid ones of 75° F. The climate is mild. The soil is generally a shallow calcareous gravelly clay. In the n. and w. are grazing and meadow farms, and around Dublin city, villas, kitchengardens, dairies, and nurseries. D. is the best cultivated county in Ireland. In 1891 there were in crop 73,498 acres, less than one third the county. The chief crops are oats (in 1891, 11,915 acres), wheat (4,023 acres), potatoes (8,053 acres). There are important fisheries along the coast of turbot, brill, sole, plaice, cod, ling, haddock, whiting, and oysters. The manufactures (chiefly of cottons, stockings, and embroidered muslins) are mostly confined to the city and the vicinity of the metropolis, and are of more value than in any other Irish county. Balbriggan is famed for its hosiery. The chief exports are from Dublin city. D. is divided into 9 baronies and contains 76 civil parishes, and 10 parts of parishes. The chief towns are Dublin, the capital of Ireland, and Kingstown. At the end of 1891 the county had 59,766 pupils on the rolls of its national schools. The county sends 7 members to parliament, two for D. county, three for D. city, and two for D. University. The manners, appearance, dress, and cabins of the lower orders in D. county differ less from those of the interior of Ireland than would be expected. There are numerous antiquities in different parts of the county. Pop. (1891), exclusive of Dublin city, 149,500; including the city, 419,216.

DUB'LIN (Irish, Dubh' -linn, 'black pool;' the Eblana of Ptolemy): capital of Ireland: on the river Liffey, where it

discmbogues into Dublin Bay, lat. 53° 20′ 38" n., and long. 5' 17' 30' w. It covers 1,300 acres, but its parliamentary boundary comprises an area of about 5,000 acres, and its municipal boundary nearly 4,000 acres. Much of D. is built on land reclaimed from the sea, a work which still continues; and the ground is generally flat, with few undulations, scarce deserving the name of hills. The river, running from w. to e., divides the city into two almost equal portions. The aristocratic parts are the s.e. and n.e., containing many beautiful squares, with splendid streets and terraces. The centre, and the n.w. quarter are the great emporiums of trade, and the residence of the middle classes, many of whom, however, have their private houses in the suburbs. The s. w. division, part of which is called the 'Liberties,' once the seat of the silk trade, is the most filthy and degraded portion of the city. The streets in this quarter are narrow, crooked, and irregular. The city is surrounded by a Circular road' nearly 9 m. in length, forming a favorite drive and promenade.

In the newer parts of D., the streets run at right angles to one another, and are remarkable for their breadth and the uniformity of their architecture, which, however, is so varied as to avoid monotony. The most imposing one is Sackville street, 120 ft. broad, and nearly 700 yards long; at its n. end stands the Rotunda, with Rutland square-in its centre, the beautiful Ionic portico of the general postoffice, and Nelson's monument (upward of 130 ft. high)while on the s., it is terminated by Carlisle Bridge, and a wedge-like block of noble houses formed by the converging sides of Westmoreland and D'Olier streets. A peculiar feature of D. is its squares, which are very numerous, spacious, and well kept. Stephen's Green, the largest, occupies nearly 20 acres, and is about a mile in circuit. Somewhat smaller, but more elegant and aristocratic, is Merrion Square (13 acres). The large park and squares of Trinity College occupy more than 40 acres.

The public buildings of D. are famed for number and grandeur, and appear to more advantage since the dwellinghouses are built of brick. In the first class may be mentioned the Bank of Ireland (formerly the house of parliament). Trinity College, the custom-house, and the four courts, which, from the chasteness of their design, and the massiveness of their proportions, have a very imposing effect. The castle has no pretensions to architectural beauty. There are monuments of William III., in College Green (once a green, but now a paved street); of Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Goldsmith, Burke, Grattan, and many others in various public sites. The benevolent and charitable institutions of D. are very numerous and liberally supported.

Within the limits of the Circular road, the Liffey is crossed by nine bridges (two of iron), and through the whole extent of the city the banks of the river are faced with granite walls and parapets. On each side of these 'quays' there is a spacious roadway, with tall houses and excellent shops. The quay proper extends e. from Carlisle bridge.

Near the custom-house, are several large docks for the accommodation of vessels from distant ports with excisable cargoes, and in communication with the Royal and Grand canals; the former connecting Dublin with the North Shannon and the w. of Ireland, the latter with the s. portion of the same river and the south. A very spacious dock, the Spencer dock,' was opened 1873; and the harbor has been much improved in late years by the completion of two large break-waters, the n. and s. walls. There is a bar at the mouth of the harbor, but even there the least depth at low tide is about 11 ft.

The chief manufacture of D. is porter, of which nearly 500,000 hhd. are annually exported, the Guinness brand being the most widely known. Next in order is whisky, and then poplin. These, with some glass-works, cotton and linen factories, foundries, and the work-shops necessary to supply domestic wants, are the main branches of industry. In this regard, D. has been much more of a capital, and less of a manufacturing and export city than London. The direct foreign trade, though increasing, is very limited, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Bristol intercepting the greater portion of it. Much of the inland traffic is carried on by the canals above mentioned, and by the railways (now extending to all parts of Ireland), and consists principally of articles of dairy and farm produce from the central counties. The principal banks are the Bank of Ireland, the Royal, the National, Provincial, Hibernian, and Northern, with some private establishments.

The great educational institution of D. is Trinity College and University: see DUBLIN, UNIVERSITY OF. There is also a Rom. Cath. Univ., the medical school of which has been very successful. The Royal Univ. of Ireland, superseding in 1880 the Queen's Univ., is not a teaching body, but resembles the Univ. of London; it has its seat here. For the humbler classes, much has been done by the national board (whose model schools are attended by large numbers of children), by the Church Education Soc., the Christian Brothers, and Rom. Cath, brotherhoods and sisterhoods, and other agencies. There are many literary and scientific societies, dealing with subjects of general knowledge, or with matters of local or national interest. There are two botanic gardens-one at Glasnevin, belonging to the Royal Dublin Soc., and one near Donnybrook, connected with the university. The hospitals, asylums, orphanages, and other charitable institutions are numerous, and liberally maintained.

The municipal affairs are under the control of a towncouncil, which consists of a lord mayor, 15 aldermen, and 45 councilors. The city police has charge of the surrounding country as far as eight m. from the castle. The city sends three members to parliament.

The environs of D. are especially beautiful. Rathmines, a southern suburb, has become a large township, and is the favorite residence of the wealthier part of the mercantile community. Glasnevin, on the north, deserves special notice as the favorite residence of the poet Tickell, of

.

Addison, Steele, Parnell, Swift, Sheridan, and many other celebrated men. In the cemetery at Glasnevin lie the remains of Curran, O'Connell, and Tom Steele. The Phoenix Park is a magnificent area of nearly 2,000 acres, in some parts level, in others with broken ground, having a large extent of timber and brush-wood, which shelter immense herds of deer. It affords ample scope for military reviews, and is extensively used by the inhabitants of D. of all classes for recreation. D., as a whole, with its magnificent bay-which has often been compared to the Bay of Naples, splendid park, massive public buildings, wide streets, spacious and well-kept squares, clean and elegant quays, and beautiful environs, is one of the most handsome and delightful capitals of Europe.

There are numerous places of worship, Rom. Cath. and Prot., monasteries, convents, friaries, and a Jewish synagogue. The most remarkable among the Protestant churches are St. Patrick's Cathedral, restored by the munificence of a single individual, and Christ Church, which also has undergone restoration; and among the Rom. Cath., St. Mary's, St. Saviour's, St. Augustine's, St. Kivin's.

D. was taken by the Danes in the 9th c., and was practically held by them till the English conquest. James II. held a parliament there in 1689, and William III. occupied it immediately afterwards.

Pop. of municipal borough (1871) 246,326; of whom 195,180 were Rom. Cath., 39,897 Episc., 4,517 Presb., and the rest of other denominations; pop. of parl. bor., 267,717. Pop. of city (1881) 249,602; with suburbs of Rathmines, Glasnevin, New Kilmainham, etc.(1891) 254,709, of parl. bor., 361,891.

DUBLIN, UNIVERSITY OF: successor of the first university of Dublin, which was established in connection with St. Patrick's Cathedral 1320; but which for want of proper endowments, never prospered, and dragged out a miserable existence till, probably, the dissolution of the cathedral by Henry VIII.

Foundation and Constitution.-The existing univ. was founded 1591-2, and is a college with university powers. Trinity College, indeed, was intended merely as the nucleus of a univ., but as no colleges have been added, it remains in undisputed possession of all university privileges. Queen Elizabeth provided the charter, the corporation of Dublin bestowed the ground and ruins of the suppressed monastery of All-Hallows, and the Irish gentry supplied by subscription the funds necessary for the erection of the buildings. The income of the college was very limited and very precarious, till James I. endowed it with certain estates in the province of Ulster, and a yearly pension of £388, 158.. English money, from the public purse. By Queen Elizabeth's charter, the corporation was to consist of a provost, three fellows, and three scholars, in the name of more, with the power of purchasing, taking, and possessing any manors, tenements, etc., from the sovereign, or from any other person. On a vacancy in the provostship, the fellows were entitled to elect a fit successor, and the election