Academicus 1826. The Botanical Museum is in the Botanic Garden, which is in connection with the university. The numerous societies for literary or scientific discussion have an important part in the training of the students. The Speculative Society was founded 1764, and the Royal Medical 1737. The Scots Law, the Dialectic, the Diagnostic, and the Philosophical constitute the Associated Societies of the university. About 100 bursaries or exhibitions are awarded to students; about 80 scholarships, some of them worth over £100 a year; and 10 fellowships, worth from £100 to £160 a year; total value over £15,000.

Students.-The number of students has of late been steadily increasing, and in 1893 reached 3,138. Of these 806 were in the arts dept., 79 as students of divinity, 452 of law, and 1,641 in medicine, the most famous faculty. Several years ago, the augmented numbers, especially of the medical classes, required increase of buildings; and a separate med. school was opened 1884 (cost $1,250,000) of which $400,000 was supplied by the govt., the rest by private subscription. The lord rector is elected by the undergraduates.

In 1892 the arts and science classes were first opened to women. See Principal Grant's Story of the Univ. of E. (2 vols., 1883).

ED'INBURGH REVIEW: first of the great critical periodicals which form a distinguishing feature of the literature of the 19th c. It was started 1802, Oct., by a knot of young men living in the northern metropolis, the principal of whom were Francis Jeffrey (q.v.), Sydney Smith (q.v.), F. Horner, and Henry Brougham (q.v.). So much was secrecy believed necessary to the success of the undertaking, that, according to the account which Lord Jeffrey gave to Mr. Robert Chambers, 1846, 'the dark divans' of the reviewers were held for some time in a dingy room of Willison's printing-office in Craig's Close,' to which each repaired alone, and by back approaches or different lanes.' Of the first number, 750 copies were printed; the demand exceeded this limited supply; 750 more were thrown off, and successive editions followed. In 1808, the circulation had risen to about 9,000, and it is believed to have reached its maximum-from which it has declined-in 1813, when 12,000 or 13,000 copies were printed. The pay of contributors was at first ten guineas a sheet, but shortly after the minimum,' says Jeffrey, was raised to sixteen guineas, at which it remained during my reign. Two-thirds of the articles were, however, paid much higher, averaging, I should think, from twenty to twenty-five guineas a sheet on the whole number.' The original publisher was the wellknown Constable. The political views advocated in the early pages of the Edinburgh Review were whig, and to these it has consistently adhered to the present day. Its influence in developing and strengthening the political convictions of the whig party cannot be over-estimated; but its power was even more visible, certainly more immediately palpable, in literature. Amid the feeble and effete periodicals of the day, it burst like a bombshell. The keenness

of criticism, the sharpness of wit, the brilliancy of style, the vigor of mind and comprehensiveness of knowledge evinced by the writers, excited amazement and fear in the world of letters; and though, in the case of Wordsworth, Southey, and other writers of a certain school, unfairness of a flagrant kind was undoubtedly exhibited and persevered in, yet impartial justice was, on the whole, administered, and the rising generation of authors strained their utmost to escape the lash. Since the period of Jeffrey, the most brilliant contributor to the Edinburgh Review was Lord Macaulay. See Correspondence of Macvey Napier (1879). The E. R. is now published in London.

EDINBURGHSHIRE, ĕd'en-bŭr-růh-shér, or MID-Lo'THIAN: the metropolitan county of Scotland, on the south side of the Firth of Forth; greatest length from e. to w. 36 m., breadth 18 m.; 367 sq. m. From the s. border, the Pentland Hills (mean height 1,000 ft., highest point 1,839 ft.) and the Moorfoot Hills (mean height 800 ft., highest point 2,136 ft.) run n.e. through the county. In the n. are fertile plains, varied by gentle slopes, ridges, and hills of trap. The coast, 13 m. long, is partly sandy, and is studded with towns, villages, and piers. The chief rivers are not more than 20 m. long, and are the Esk, Water of Leith, Almond, and Gala Water. Four great roads and five great railways traverse the county. E. consists chiefly of carboniferous strata, with protrusions of trap. Some lower Silurian rocks occur in the s. east. Coal and iron are worked chiefly in the broad valley of the Esk. Here the bed of coal extends 15 by 8 m., and contains 33 seams of a foot to 6 ft. thick. The fine sandstone quarries of Craigleith contain large fossil trees, and the limestone of Burdiehouse is famed for fossil fishes. Cold and dry e. winds prevail in spring. Clay-soil predominates. The county is chiefly agricultural, with large farms. The harvest is a week earlier on the coast than at the height of 200 ft., and a fortnight earlier than at the height of 600 ft. Near the metropolis are extensive nurseries, vegetable and fruit gardens, and dairy pastures. In 1881, of the total acreage of 234,926 acres, 134,999 acres were in crop. Although not important as a manufacturing county, there are considerable manufactures of various goods in Edinburgh, Leith, and Musselburgh; and there are large paper mills along the course of the North Esk. Much paraffin oil is made from the rich bituminous shale found within the county. E. returns one member to parliament. It contains 32 parishes. The chief towns are Edinburgh, metropolis of Scotland; Leith, its seaport; Dalkeith, Musselburgh, and Portobello. In E. have been found. cairns, stone circles, Roman coins and utensils, and traces of Roman camps and burying places. E. was included in the Roman province Valentia, and Cramond is supposed to have been a chief Roman port. It afterward formed part of the kingdom of Northumbria, 446-1020. The county contains many feudal and ecclesiastical remains, as Borthwick Castle, Craigmillar Castle, and Roslin Chapel.-Pop. (1881) 389,164; (1891) 444,055.

EDISON, ed'i-son, THOMAS ALVA, PH.D.: b Milan, O., 1847, Feb. 11: electrician. He began work as a newspaper boy on the Grand Trunk railroad, between Port Huron and Detroit, and within a few years contracted for the exclusive sale of books and papers on the entire road. His business grew rapidly, and for a time was supplemented by an essay in journalism, the Grank Trunk Herald, which he set in type, printed, and sold with his other papers. All the time not required for sleep and his business was applied to reading and study. He became interested especially in chemistry, and conducted experiments on the train till a car was set on fire by some of his phosphorus, when he abandoned chemistry and took up telegraphy. An operator, whose child he had rescued from death on the railroad, gave him his first instruction. As soon as he felt competent to receive and send a message, he sold his railroad contract and sought employment as a telegraph operator. He spent several years travelling through the United States and Canada; and while he soon became widely known as an expert telegrapher, he attained an equally broad reputation as a dreamy, unpractical youth. Acknowledged a 'wizard' before he was 17 years old by crack' telegraph operators who could not compete with him, he continued to work when the humor seized him, and to dream and plan. While employed in a southern office as press operator, he experimented with the wires till forbidden to meddle further with them; but in the meantime he had conceived the idea of his first invention, the automatic repeater, by means of which a message could be transferred from one wire to another without the aid of an operator. He next attempted to send two messages over a single wire at the same time, and while so experimenting in Cincinnati was called to Boston and placed in charge of the New York wire, then considered the most difficult of all in the country to manage. In 1871 he removed to New York, and soon afterward invented the printing telegraph for gold and stock quotations. In 1872 he perfected his system of duplex transmission, and established a factory in Newark, N. J., where he manufactured and experimented till 1876, when he built a laboratory at Menlo Park, N. J. In 1886 he bought one of the handsomest residences in Llewellyn Park, Orange, N. J., and erected a cluster of work shops near by. His real career as an inventor began at Menlo Park. În less than 5 years he took out over 100 patents covering not only his discoveries and inventions but every article used in their construction. His inventions include the telephone, carbon filiment incandescent lamp, phonograph (subsequently greatly improved), quadruplex system telegraphy, district telegraph system, Stockticker,' electric pen and mimeograph, carbon rheostat, pressure relay, hygrometer, odorometer, micro-tasimeter, improved dynamos, system of distributing the electric current to a large number of lamps at a distance from each other and from the generator, the Sims-Edison electric torpedo and torpedo-boat for naval warfare, and the kinetograph. It is claimed that he also constructed at Menlo Park, N. J.,