Molecular Reality: A Perspective on the Scientific Work of Jean Perrin

Annalen der Physik appeared atomic theory atomic-molecular atomistic Berthelot Boltzmann Brownian move Brownian movement Brownian particles calculations Carnot's principle cathode rays charge chemical chemists chimie physique colloid Comptes rendus conception demonstrated density diameter discontinuity discussion displacement Duhem École normale Einstein electric Émile emulsion energeticists energy equation equilibrium Ernst Mach experimental experiments France Francis Perrin French gamboge gases Gouy granules heat Ibid investigations ions J. J. Thomson Jean Perrin Journal kinetic theory Langevin large number Léon Gouy liquid Louis de Broglie Mach Marcel Brillouin mathematical matter mechanical models ment method micron microscope molecular hypothesis molecular reality molecular-kinetic motion mouvement brownien observed Oeuvres Scientifiques osmotic pressure Ostwald paper Paris Paul Langevin phenomena philosophical physical chemistry physicists Planck Poincaré problem proof published question radiation realised réalité moléculaire researches Revue du Mois scientific scientists Smoluchowski solutions studies Svedberg temperature thermodynamics tion ultramicroscope University utilised velocity viewpoint viscosity Wilhelm Ostwald wrote X-rays