Ethics, 231; Individual, see Self-con- servation, Self-control, Self-culture. Social. See Benevolence, Justice. Theistic. See Theology, Na-
tural. Evil, existence of, alleged as an objection to the Goodness of God, 357 seq.; distinguished as Metaphysical, Phy- sical, and Moral, 357 seq. Expediency, Dr. Paley's doctrine re- specting, liable to misunderstanding, 135.
Faculty, Moral, 81-110.
Familiar, use of the term, 299. Family Prayer, 411, 412. Fasting, 250.
Fearfulness, 256.
Forgiveness, what it implies, 272; how to be exercised, 273; motives for practising it, 273.
Fortitude, defined, 254, 245. See Self- control.
Foster, Mr., on the Glory of God in Creation, 145. Fidelity, defined, 290.
First Cause, existence of a, universality of the belief in, 390. Freedom, not to be confounded with Will, 193.
French, Mr., on Instinct, 23. Friendship, defined, 275; what it springs from, 275; choice of a Friend, 276; Duties during con- tinuance of Friendship, 278; Close of Friendship, 280; causes leading to it, 280, 281.
Gassendi, M., his distinction between volentia and voluntas, and between libentia and libertas, 193, note. Gisborne, Mr., on Expediency, 137. God, Will of, how to be ascertained, 134. See Attributes of God, Pro- vidence of God, Sentiments due to God, Services due to God.
Goodness and Rectitude not identical, 145.
Gratitude, defined, 274; mode of mani- festing it, 274.
Grove, Mr., on Primogeniture, 312.
Guides of Human Action, 66; Offices of Reason and Conscience, 67.- The Sense of Prudence, 67; Dr. Reid on the offices of Reason, 68; Men's con- duct ruled by experience of what is Advantageous, 69, 70; Prudence as a Principle of Action, 70; Cicero's doctrine, 70; Defects of this Prin- ciple pointed out, 71-73; Dr. Reid's judgment, 74.-The Sense of Duty, 74; superior to the Sense of Pru- dence, 74; its existence proved by our own Consciousness, 74; by ob- servation of the conduct of others, 75, 76; question of the innate know- ledge of Right and Wrong, 77; Mr. Locke's teaching on the point, 77; Plato's opinion, 77, note; nations affected by moral and physical cir- cumstances, 78; erroneous ideas of the Deity tend to demoralization, 78; evidenced in the Laws of Solon and Lycurgus, the belief of the Thug and the practice of persecution, 78; dis- tinction between Conscience and Vir- tue, 79, 80. Gymnastics, usefulness of, for develop- ment of bodily frame, 239.
Habit, defined, 51; arts of human life consequent on facility induced by Habit, 51; custom affects body and mind equally, 51; opinions of Mr. Stewart and Dr. Reid, 51; Hartley's conjecture now an ascertained fact, 52; conditions under which the power of Habit is generated, 52; distinguished as Generic and Specific, and Active and Passive, 53; effects of repetition, 53, 54; causes of failure in attempts to restrain vicious Habits, 54; capacity of acquiring Habits peculiar to living beings, 54.
are distinguished, 55, 56; Sir H. Holland's distinction, 56.
Hale, Sir Matthew, on the threefold office of Conscience, 153. Hamilton, Sir W., on Passion, 36; on Association of Ideas, 49; on Habit and Association, 57. Hancock, Dr., on Instinct, 23. Happiness includes the Glory of God as well as the Good of Man, 147. Hartley, Dr., on Habit and Association, 57; on the Moral Sense, 84; on Moral Liberty, 200.
Hazlitt, W., on the exercise of the In- tellectual Faculties as productive of Pleasure, 354.
Health, risking of, see Self-conserva- tion.
Hegesias, his justification of suicide, 235.
Hobbes, on Resentment, 38; on Pity, 42; his definition of Association of Ideas, 47; his theory of Virtue, 112; on the Will, 169; his definition of a Free Agent, 194, 207.
Holland, Sir H., on the distinction of
Habit from Instinct, 56. Home Affections, 43. Honour, lawfulness of seeking it, 253;
Hooker, R., on the Government of God,
113; on the difference between De- sire and Will, 173; on Choice, 174. Horsley, Bishop, on External Obliga- tion, 162; on Free Agency in Man,
224. Howard, John, his death heroic, 240. Humanity, defined, 268.
Hume, Mr., on the Sentimental Theory
of the Moral Faculty, 88; on the Intellectual Theory, 96; his Theory of Utility, 127; on the distinction between Benevolence and Justice, 252.
Humility, defined, 256.
Hunger, defined, 249, see Self-control. Husband, duties of a, see Marriage. Hutcheson, Dr., on Desires, 34; on Passion, 35; on the doctrine of a Moral Sense, 81, 82; on the Intel- lectual Theory of the Moral Faculty, 92; Theory of Virtue, 122. Hutton, Dr. J., on Death as the be- ginning of a further existence, 383.
Hyperpsychical Theories relating to Instinct, 23; opinions of Bougeant, French, Sir I. Newton, Addison, Bonnet, and Dr. Hancock, 23.
Ignorance, defined, 5; Vincible and Invincible, 5.
Involuntary Action, defined, 6. Imitation, a power and propensity strong in children, 26.
Immortality, a universal belief in, 389, see Soul.
Indifferent Actions, defined, 3. Inherence, defined as Subjective Depend- ence, 7.
Instinct, signification of, 19; definitions of, by Jouffroy, Paley, Leibnitz, Whewell, and Reid, 19, note; ac- tions of inferior animals referred to, 20; theories proposed in explanation of, 20; Mason Good's definition, 21; Dr. E. Darwin on, 22; of Infants, 25; a Law divinely given to brute and inanimate creatures by God, 154. Intellect. See Cognitions.
Intelligence of the inferior animals, 24 ; opinions of Stewart, Locke, and Archbishop Whately, 24.
Intend, to, signification of, 2. Intention implied in every Moral Ac- tion, 5; defined as Voluntary, In- voluntary, and Mixed, 5.
Intrepidity or Courage, defined and illustrated, 256. Irritability, an exciting cause of In- stinct, 21.
Jews, their restriction of Benevolence to the descendants of Abraham, 261. Johnson, Dr. on Expediency, 137; on the evils of Poverty, 241; distinc- tion between Physical and Moral Truth, 286.
Jouffroy, Mons., his definition of In- stinct, 19, note; on the province of the Body in man, 233. Jurisprudence, how distinguished from Morality, 260.
Justice, defined, 229, 282; Ethical Justice, viewed Positively, has re- ference to Justice-
I. In our Thoughts, involving Candour or Fairness, 285; in what this consists, 285, 286.
II. In our Words, comprehending Veracity and Fidelity, 286, 296.
III. In our Acts, (a) by Legal Justice, 296; (b) by acting equit- ably and fairly without Legal Re- quirements, 287.
Kames, Lord, on Emotion, 29; his ad- mission that man acts with a con- viction of being morally free, 198; on the Moral Freedom of man, 205. Kant, on the Moral Freedom of man, 205; his classification of man's duties, 229; on the lawfulness of small-pox inoculation, 240; on the Being of God, 330.
Kindness, Active, duties of, 265.
Kindred, Affections of, see Affections. Kirby, Rev. W., on Instinct in the
inferior Animals, 21.
Knowing, how differing from Feeling, 10, 69.
Knowledge, Principles of, defined, 7; distinguished from Principles of Ac- tion, 8; a necessary condition of Feeling, 12.
and Intention implied in every Moral Action, 5.
Law, an exposition, not an origination, of Duty, 113; difference between a Law and the principle of a Law, 113.
Natural, explained, 154; in what it consists, 155.
Leibnitz, his definition of Instinct, 19, note; his argument against Moral Liberty in man, 198; on the Exist- ence of God, 326.
Libentia and Libertas, distinguished, 193, note.
Libertas distinguished from Velle, 193. Liberty, Moral, chief arguments prov- ing man to be endowed with, 195- 207; the argument from conscious- ness stated by Drs. Reid and Clarke, d'Alembert and Bishop Butler, 196, 197; challenged by Spinoza, Leib-
nitz, and Lord Kames, 197, 198; opinions of Drs. M'Cosh and Hartley and Mr. Belsham, 199, 200; falla- ciousness of the objections stated, 201; Dr. Reid's argument in favour of Free Agency, 202, 203; Man's being a moral and accountable being the great argument for Free Agency, 204; testimony of Dr. Reid, Upham, Price, and Kant, 204, 205; admis- sion of Lord Kames, 205; human law and government proceed upon the fact that man is a Free Agent, 206; and the whole business of life proceeds on the same assumption, 207.
Liberty and Necessity, 188; difference of opinion among philosophers on, 189; Liberty distinguished as Freedom from Co-action, and Freedom from Necessity, 190, 191; statement and illustration of the Theory as to Liberty and Necessity, 194, 195; List of Authors on, 226.
Locke, Mr., on the Intelligence of the inferior animals, 24; on Passion, 35; on the Malevolent Affections, 62; on the innate sense of Right and Wrong, 77; on the distinction between Desiring and Willing, 168; illustration of the difference between Preferring, Choosing, and Willing, 173; conviction of the fact of Man's Free Agency, 223; on the Existence of God, 327.
Love to God. See Sentiments.
Mackintosh, Sir James, on Moral Science, 8; on the Moral Sense, 85. Magnanimity, distinguished from Equa- nimity, 255.
Marcus Antoninus, on the threefold Duties of Man, 230, note. Marriage, defined, 299; its necessary conditions and circumstances, 300; Consanguinity, a bar to, 300; Mo- nogamy the original institution, 301; evils of Polygamy, 301; the modes of celebration various in different countries, 302; not always per- formed by a priest under the Law of Moses, 303; a Sacrament in the
Church of Rome, 303; not so held by the Church of England, 303, 304; Relaxation of the English Law in favour of Dissenters, 304; Law of Scotland, 304; Duties imposed by Marriage, 305; its Duration and Dissolution, 306-309; Authority of Parents in regard to their Children in respect to, 315.
Masters, 317; origin of slavery, 318; duties in regard to Voluntary Ser- vants: I. Equity in regard to Wages, 319.-II. Kindness in re- gard to Labour, 320; Injunction of Scripture in these respects, 320. Materfamilias, signification of the term, 299.
Mendacium perniciosum, officiosum and jocosum, 288.
Metaphysical Arguments, explanation of the term, 323.
Mill, Mr. J., on the Moral Sense, 84.
Mr. J. S., his claim to the first use of the term Utilitarian, 131, note. Milton, J., his definition of Opinion, 45 note.
Mind, Immateriality of, what is meant by the expression, 371; its distinctive properties, 371:- I. Self-conscious- ness and Thought not inherent in matter, therefore the Mind is immate- rial, 371.—II. The unity or indivisi- bility of our perceptions and thoughts proves that the source or seat of them is one and indivisible, and therefore immaterial, 372.-III. The consciousness of our own unity and simplicity as thinking beings, 373.— IV. The conviction of Personal Iden- tity, 373.-V. Its Independence of the Body, 374.-VI. The Pheno- mena of Dreaming, 377, 378.-VII. Power of Will, 379.
Phenomena of, an evidence of the existence of God, 335. Mixed actions, defined, 6. Molinos, a Spanish priest, his doctrine
on the Love of God, 397, note. Monogamy, 301. See Marriage. ral Agency, distinguished as Spon- ous and Volitional, 192-Bos- s distinction between Freedom Will, 193; Gassendi's distinction ween volentia and voluntas, and
between libentia and libertas, 193, note; Dr. Reid's definition of the Liberty of a Moral Agent, 194; Hobbe's definition of a Free Agent, 194; Edwards on the Freedom of Will, 194.
Moral Arguments, explained, 323. Faculty, 81-110.
Government of God, defined, 328; shewn:-I. By Men being born in a state of Subjection and Depend- ence, 368.-II. By the Subordinations and Arrangements of Civil Society, 368.-III. By the natural feelings of the human heart approving the pun- ishment of Vice and the protection of Virtue by civil enactments, 369.- IV. By the witness of the individual and private power of Conscience, 369.-V. By the constitution of our bodies so as to be affected by our good or bad conduct, 369, 370. The doctrine of a Future State the full solution of all difficulties on the subject, 370.
Morality and Jurisprudence, how dis- tinguished, 260.
More, Dr. Henry, on Instinct, 22.
-, Hannah, on the Love of God, 297.
Motives, definition of, by Edwards, 175; distinguished as Objective and Subjective, 175-178; classified as Animal and Rational, 178; Mr. Up- ham's proposed classification as Natu- ral and Moral, 181.
Necessity, Moral, arguments for, 207- 225; objection that Liberty, as im- plying a self-determining power, is inconceivable and absurd, 207; Hobbe's definition of a Free Agent,
207; followed by Leibnitz, Collins, Edwards, and later Necessarians in general, 207; mistakes as to the term " Liberty" by Necessitarians, 208; Dr. Reid's argument for Moral Liberty, 209; Edwards' argument against the self-determining power of the Will, 210; twofold answer to the objection, 211; Argument of the Necessitarians that Liberty is im-
possible; Statements Hobbes, Hume, Priestley, Dr. Crom- bie, Liebnitz, &c., 212, 213; Replies by advocates of Free Agency, 213- 217; argument that Liberty in Man is incompatible with Foreknowledge in God, 217; Edwards' statement of this objection, 218-220; his premises inadmissible, 220; his argument that the contingency of future events must prevent their being foreknown, 221; how this objection is to be met, 221, 222; Locke's conviction of Free Agency in Man, 223; Bishop Horsley's and Toplady's opinions, 224, 225.
Nemesius on Desire, 38, note.
Newton, Sir I., on Instinct, 23; on the Existence of God, 328. Neighbour, love of our, Bishop Butler on, 262.
Nightingale, Florence, her heroic virtue, 240.
"Not Guilty," extent of the plea of,
Novels, how far useful as moral teachers, 289.
Oaths, their nature, 294; whether warranted by Scripture, 294, 295. Obligation, explained, 160; Dr. Whe- well on Internal Obligation, 161; Bishop Warburton on External Obli- gation, 162.
Obstinacy, defined as Constancy car- ried to an extreme, 256. Ontological arguments, meaning of the term, 823.
Opinion, defined, 45; an element of Desires, Passions, and Affections, 45; as a Principle of Action, 45; dis- tinguished as Primary and Natural, and as Secondary and Factitious, 45, 46; Definitions of Plato and Milton, 45, note; the world governed by, 65.
Origination, the attribute of God, 7.
of Utility, 134; weakness in his doctrine of Expediency, 135; views as to the nature of Obligation, 140, 141; on the formation of Habits, 247; on Gratitude, 274; on non- criminal Falsehoods, 288.
Parables, use of, 288, 289. Paracelsus, his doctrine on Instinct, 21. Parents, their power the earliest and most sacred recognized among men. Parental Authority:-I. Its Origin, 310.-II. Its Nature and Amount, 310; Period during which it is to be exercised, 310; Age at which children become free from parental government, 311. Duties towards their children:-I. Support and Maintenance, 312.-II. Educa- tion, 313.-III. Choice of Occupa-
tion, 314.-IV. At Marriage, 315. Pascal, his saying on Asceticism, 238. Passions, defined by Dr. Brown, 34;
by Mr. Stewart, 34; by Dr. Reid, 35; by Dr. Hutcheson, 35; how awakened, 36; Locke on their origin, 36; Sir W. Hamilton's definition, 36; Scheme of Classification, 37; excess of indulgence leads to revul- sion of feeling, 61; their charac- teristics, 62.
Paterfamilias, meaning of the term, 299.
Patience, defined, 256.
Payne, Dr., on Sympathy, 41. Peripatetics, their theory of Virtue,
Person, liberty of, a natural right, 283. Philosophy, Moral, object proposed by the study of, 1.
Physical Arguments, explanation of the term, 323.
theories relating to Instinct, 202. Plastic Nature, doctrine of, 21; Dr. Henry More on, 22.
Plato, his definition of Opinions, 45, note; on Physical causes affecting moral laws, 77 note; on Virtue, 110; on the Government of God, 113, note; on the Existence of God, 320; Necessity of a First Cause, 332.
Pleasures, their moderate enjoyment lawful, 253; dangers of excess, 254. Politeness, distinguished from Civility,
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